DINAMIKA ILMU

The quality of life sustained by human beings is largely possible thanks to the opportunities offered by the biodiversity resources in nature. It is widely accepted that the continuation of this lifestyle largely depends on the sustainable use of consumed and destroyed natural resources. Therefore, teaching biodiversity becomes an important element of science teaching. In this context, it is important to reveal the biodiversity literacy levels of the new generation. This study aims to investigate secondary school students’ biodiversity literacy levels. Th e descriptive survey method, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. A total of 787 secondary school students studying at state schools during 2021-2022 academic year participated in the research. “Biodiversity Literacy Assessment Instrument ” was used as a data collection tool in the study. Independent t-test was used to compare gender scores while one-way ANOVA was used to compare student scores based on their grades, students’ feelings about studying biodiversity, and understanding problems related to biodiversity. Tukey HSD test was used to determine the direction of significance in multiple comparisons. The findings revealed that while secondary school students’ scores for attitudes toward biodiversity were high, their biodiversity knowledge levels were low. Also, female students gained higher scores for “ the conservation and importance of biodiversity ” , “ e thics and biodiversity” and “ sustainability and biodiversity ” sub-dimensions of biodiversity literacy scale in comparison to male students. Additionally, the study found that participant students’ biodiversity

literacy scale scores differed based on students' years of study. The study has Strategy and Action Plan, 2007). In the same report, 23 mammals, 17 birds, 50 fish, 10 reptiles, and frog species are reported to be in danger of extinction. Although Turkey is very rich in terms of endemic plants, some of these species that make up the richness are faced with serious threats. According to the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2001), approximately 600 endemic species in Turkey are in the "Very Endangered CR" category and 700 of them are in the "Endangered EN" category. According to the OECD (2012) Environment Forecast Report by 2050, forests in Turkey, which are rich in biodiversity, will decrease as a result of widespread commercial forestry activities and human interventions. Although many positive economic and structural changes have been made in Turkey over the last 10 years, and great efforts have been made to protect biological diversity and solve environmental problems, it is still early to say that all components of sustainable development are integrated with nature conservation and environmental management, especially the protection of biological diversity. For example; with a worldwide accepted approach, it is recommended that the ratio of protected areas be at least five percent of the country's surface area, while in Turkey this ratio reaches one percent of the country's surface area (Demirayak, 2002). The extinction of living species, in other words, biodiversity has reached dangerous dimensions and has become a global problem (Menzel & Bogeholz, 2010). Biodiversity is based on increasingly strong evidence showing its incalculable importance to many aspects of our lives, including our health, well-being, food supply, wealth, and security. It is necessary to protect biological diversity in order to meet the needs of today and transfer this diversity to future generations (Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010).
In times of climate change and the dramatic loss of biodiversity, there is a potential risk of raising a generation that does not pay enough attention for protecting animals, plants, and landscapes. Nature plays a minor role in the daily life of the younger generation (Brämer 2010), their free time is often spent in front of computers by playing games, watching television and other multimedia (Kaşıkçı et al., 2014). It is emphasized that the young generation lacks knowledge and interest in the concept of biodiversity as a result of life disconnected from nature ( (Menzel & Bogeholz, 2009). Drissner et al. (2011) in their study emphasize that people tend to protect what they know (and love). This is also true for learning and protecting biodiversity. It is now widely accepted that the loss of biodiversity and the collapse of the ecosystem are among the most important threats that humanity will face in the next decade (World Economic Forum, 2020). Therefore, there is an urgent need for biodiversity teaching programs that increase knowledge and attitude towards biodiversity and eliminate negative feelings such as dislike for species (Drissner et al. 2011). The study conducted by the European Commission (2013) revealed that only 44% of the 26,000 people participating in the research could define biodiversity, which is not at the desired level. In a study conducted in Switzerland, it is emphasized that individuals most frequently refer to species diversity and associate biodiversity with ecological concepts when describing biodiversity (Lindemann-Matthies and Bose, 2008). This result shows that the elements that make up biodiversity are missing while defining biodiversity. In addition, the results of the research conducted by the European Commission (2013) emphasize that the attitudes of the participants who are conscious about biodiversity towards protecting biodiversity are closely related to their knowledge levels. In this context, it is important to restructure science education to increase environmental awareness and educate students as biodiversity literate (Barker & Elliot, 2000;Schaal, Matt, & Grübmeyer, 2012). Biodiversity literacy covers the fundamental processes of biodiversity awareness (Moss, Jensen & Gusset, 2014). Biodiversity literacy is defined as both the ability to understand and comprehend the concept of biodiversity and the ability to have knowledge about specific actions that lead to biodiversity conservation (Hooykaas et al. 2019;Schneiderhan-Opel & Bogner 2020). It is stated in the literature that secondary school students define the concept of biodiversity incompletely (Kılınç et al., 2003;Menzel & Bogeholzl, 2009;Fiebelkorn & Menzel, 2013). Kılınç et al. (2013) asked 245 secondary school students about the definition of the concept of biodiversity using the interview method. The research revealed that the participant students could not make a scientificbased definition of the concept of biodiversity, and they defined the word biodiversity as "species diversity". Similarly, students participating in Menzel and Bogeholz (2009) studies explained the concept of biodiversity as plant and animal diversity. In the study of Bermudez and Lindemann-Matthies (2020), it is seen that high school students define biodiversity in relation to the concepts of species, species diversity, and interspecies relationship. In the same study, they stated that some students ignore the necessity of protecting the elements of biodiversity, which significantly affects the development of biodiversity literacy. Schneiderhan-Opel and Bogner (2020) point out that biodiversity literacy is within the scope of environmental literacy under the umbrella of science literacy. It is stated that the subject of biodiversity has a special place in environmental education (Weelie & Wals, 2002). Basically, the aim of environmental education is to raise individuals who are sensitive and knowledgeable about environmental problems and play an active role in solving these problems (Hsu, 2004). Because only individuals who are raised knowing how to take responsibility can make the right decisions in the conscious use and consumption of environmental resources and in making important decisions (Korhonen & Lappalainen, 2004). Biodiversity enables people to continue their lives in wealth. Insufficient awareness of biodiversity conservation leads to the rapid extinction of species on earth and humans will be severely affected by its consequences (Jalil & Sharif, 2018). Therefore, it is important to reveal the biodiversity literacy levels of the young generations. Examining secondary school students' biodiversity literacy levels constitutes the main starting point of this research. To achieve this aim, the following research questions were sought: 1. What is the biodiversity literacy mean scores of participant secondary school students? 2. Is there a statistically significant difference between the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels based on gender variables? 3. Is there a statistically significant difference between the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels based on students' grades?
4. Are there statistically significant differences among the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels according to students' feelings about studying biodiversity? 5. Are there statistically significant differences among the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels according to students' views of the understanding of environmental problems in comparison to their peers?

B. Research Methodology 1. Research Design
The survey, one of the quantitative research designs, was used in this study. The survey method examines individuals, groups, institutions, methods, and materials in order to identify, compare, contrast, classify, analyse and interpret the entities and events that make up the different dimensions of the research (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2018).

Participants of the Study
The sample of the study consisted of 787 middle school students who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research. In the study, the participants were determined by using the cluster sampling method. Cluster sampling is a method in which researchers divide the entire population into sections or clusters that represent a population. First of all, schools in Diyarbakir province districts are clustered. Then, the school was selected from each cluster and the data were collected. Participant secondary school students' demographic information is provided in table 1.

Instruments
In the research, the "Biodiversity Literacy Assessment Instrument" developed by the Wisconsin Environmental Education Centre financed by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in 1996 was used as the data collection tool. The scale was adapted to the Turkish language by the researchers. The instrument consists of three parts: demographic information, attitude scale items, and a multiple-choice test. The attitude scale is a 4-point Likert type. The "Biodiversity Literacy Assessment Instrument" used in the study consists of 6 dimensions and 27 items. The scale has 5 items in "conservation and importance of biodiversity (CIB)", 5 items in "ethics and biodiversity (EB)", 3 items in "sustainability and biodiversity (SB)", 4 items in "taking action to protect biodiversity (TAPB)", 4 items in "biodiversity and utility (BU)" and 6 items in "conservation and importance of species (CIS)" dimension. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale used in the study was calculated as .726 for the CIB dimension, .764 for the EB dimension, .706 for the SB dimension, .704 for the TAPB dimension, .710 for the BU dimension, .852 for the CIS dimension and .892 for the entire scale. The multiple-choice part of the scale consists of 30 questions that measure the level of biodiversity knowledge. The Spearman-Brown test was used to determine the value of multiple-choice questions. The reliability value was calculated as .822 for the whole test.

Data Analysis Techniques
SPSS 28 was used to analyze the data collected for the study. Independent t-test was used to compare gender scores while one-way ANOVA was used to compare student scores based on their grades, students' feelings about studying biodiversity, and understanding problems related to biodiversity. Tukey HSD test was used to determine the direction of significance in multiple comparisons. Means for the items were calculated. The intervals used to interpret the means for the scale used in the research are given below.

C. Findings and Discussions
In this section, statistical data regarding the answers to the research questions are provided and discussed.

RQ1. What is the biodiversity literacy mean scores of the participant secondary school students?
For each item in the six dimensions of the scale part of the instrument, the mean scores from the participant student responses are provided in table 2. The participant students' mean scores for their responses to the items in the CIB, PE, SB, and TAPB dimensions were at the level of "agree" ( Table 2). The mean of the first item in the BU dimension was "very significant" based on the interpretation of the scores for assessment. On the other hand, the other items in the BU dimension and the item averages in the CIS dimension were at the "significant" level. These results are important as developing knowledge and behaviour to protect biodiversity is seen among the important elements of biodiversity literacy (Moss, Jensen & Gusset, 2014). The findings are also supportive of the finding of the study by The Schneiderhan-Opel and Bogner (2020) that reported Grade 10 students' high motivation to protect biodiversity. Similarly, the study by Nisiforou and Charalambides (2012) found that university students participating in the research expressed a positive attitude towards biodiversity, but were reluctant to engage in environmental behaviours. Chandrasekar, Sundavadivelan, and Selvan (2012), also, found a high level of biodiversity awareness among school students. In the study examining biodiversity literacy of pre-service science teachers, it is stated that pre-service science teachers have high averages in terms of "the importance of biodiversity" (Çavuş Güngören & Özdemir, 2020). In a study examining awareness of biodiversity in Switzerland, it was determined that the majority of school students were unfamiliar with the term biodiversity. In the same study, only 16% of students identified the school as a source of information on biodiversity (Lindemann-Matthies & Bose, 2008). Similarly, in our study, the average of secondary school students' responses to the biodiversity knowledge test was calculated as 10.32. Considering that there are 30 questions in the biodiversity knowledge test, it can be said that this figure is quite low. Again, the results of many studies conducted in different countries reveal that primary and secondary school students demonstrated deficiency in terms of biodiversity knowledge (Huxham et. al., 2006;Torkar, 2016;Köksal & Gebelek, 2019;Hooykass, et all, 2021). According to Buijs et al., (2008), determining students' biodiversity knowledge levels should be considered important as it determines their ways of taking responsibility for the environment. In addition, the level of knowledge affects the construction process of students in creating new knowledge (Hailikari, Nevgi, & Lindblom-Ylänne, 2007). Therefore, it is important for students to have a high level of biodiversity knowledge.

RQ2 Is there a statistically significant difference between the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels based on gender variable?
This research question investigated whether gender was an affective variable in students' approaches to biodiversity. The findings related to students' scores based on their genders are provided in table 3. When Table 3 is examined, it is seen that the mean scores of female students in CIB (t:2.476, p<.05), EB (t:1.902, p<.05), and SB (t:1.944, p<.05) dimensions are significantly different from those of male students. This is in line with the findings of Derman, Çakmak, and Gürbüz (2012) that reported the mean of female students in the dimension of the importance of biodiversity was significantly higher than that of male students. Similarly, Güleş, Uzel, and Gül (2020) obtained significant results in favour of female students in the dimension of the importance of biodiversity. Özbaş (2016), also, emphasizes in his study that female students have a higher means of protecting biodiversity than male students. Again, Özdemir (2020) found that female undergraduate students' attitudes toward biodiversity loss were significantly higher than male students' attitudes. Biodiversity literacy of TAPB (t:1.233, p>.05), BU (t:.795, p>.05), CIS (t:1.380, p>.05) and BK (t:.963, p>.05) dimensions did not reveal any statistically significant result between female and male students' mean scores. Uç and Gül (2021), in their study in which they examined the level of attitude towards biodiversity of undergraduate students, point out that attitudes towards reducing biodiversity and preventing biodiversity do not differ significantly according to the gender variable. Akkaya and Benzer (2019) examined the biodiversity literacy levels of pre-service teachers and concluded that the biodiversity literacy levels of female and male students were similar. In the same vain, Chandrasekar, Sundavadivelan, and Selvan (2012) revealed that the biodiversity awareness of female and male students studying at the high school level is similar in the Vilathikulam region. When the literature is examined, it is seen that there are studies that found the level of biodiversity knowledge differs according to the gender variable (Yüce & Doğru,2018;Özdemir, 2020) and there are also studies that did not find any significant difference between male and female students scores (Turan & Common, 2014). Özbaş (2016) reports that there is no significant difference between students' biodiversity knowledge levels according to the gender variable. But in the present study, female students' mean scores were higher than male students' scores in all dimensions. Nunes and Clorez (2017), in their study examining the environmental literacy of high school students, found that the environmental knowledge levels of female students were higher than that of male students, although it was not significant. According to Davidson and Freudenberg (1996), girls are more concerned with environmental risks than boys because girls describe themselves as part of the environment, but boys do not see themselves as part of the environment.

RQ3 Is there a statistically significant difference between the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels based on students' grades?
The 3 rd research question of the study investigated whether the year of study was an important predictor for the participant students' biodiversity literacy level.  Table 4 shows the analysis of the participant secondary school students' biodiversity literacy levels based on students' studying years. There are statistically  (Table 4). Tukey HSD analysis revealed the significant difference in the CIB (p=.000), SB (p=.000), and TAPB (p=.018) dimensions is between 8 th and 6 th -grade students and that the 8 th -grade participant students mean scores in these dimensions are higher than the 6 th -grade students mean scores. In the same vain, Tukey HSD analysis was conducted to determine the direction of significance in the EB (p=.009) dimension of biodiversity literacy scale disclosed that this significance stem from the differences between 8 th and 7 th -grade students, albeit in favour of 8 th -grade students. Pedro and Pedro (2010) point out the importance of environmental education for the development of environmental attitudes. Similarly, Dervişoğlu (2007) reported that the tendency to protect biodiversity increases when students receive biodiversity education. As a matter of fact, it is not surprising that 8 th -grade students in our study have higher mean scores in terms of protecting and considering biodiversity as important, given that they take more environmental courses within the scope of science education. The analysis, also, showed that the significant difference in the BK (p=0.011) dimension was between the 7 th and 6 th grades and in favour of the 6 th -grade participant students. This result can be evaluated with the environmental education given within the scope of science education in Turkey. In Turkey, the biodiversity unit is covered within the scope of the "human and environment" unit, which is the last unit of the 5 th grade at the secondary school level. Therefore, it is possible for 6 th -grade students to remember their knowledge about biodiversity more easily. While there is not any environmental education unit in the 6 th and 7 th -grade science curriculum, there is an "Energy transformations and Environmental Science" unit in the 8 th -grade science curriculum. In this respect, the mean scores of biodiversity knowledge obtained as a result of the research are seen as relevantly significant. Özbaş (2016), in their study examining high school students' biodiversity knowledge according to the grade variable, concluded that the level of knowledge enhances as the grade level increases. Similarly, Nisiforou and Charalambides (2012) found that the level of biodiversity knowledge of university students in the 2 nd year was significantly higher than that of the 1 st year students. In contrast, there was not any statistically significant difference in students' attitudes towards biodiversity. Therefore, the results may also reflect the differences in students' socio-economic backgrounds (living in the countryside or the city) and receiving training from teachers who have different biodiversity teaching approaches. In the present study, the findings did not reveal any statistically significant difference in students' mean scores for the BU (F (2-784) = .504, p>.05) and CIS (F (2-784) = 2.367, p>.05) dimensions based on students' year of study.

RQ4 Are there statistically significant differences among the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels according to students' feelings about studying biodiversity?
This research question investigated whether students' feelings about studying environmental topics compared to the other science topics was an important factor for their biodiversity literacy scores.  Table 5. displays that there is a statistically significant difference (F (2-784) =3.089, p<.05) in the BU dimension of the biodiversity literacy scale based on students' feelings about studying environmental topics compared to other topics. Tukey HSD analysis, which was conducted to determine the direction of significance in the BU (p=.046) dimension of biodiversity literacy, shows that the averages of students who study environmental issues "almost the same" are significantly higher than those of "less concerned" students. It is not surprising that students studying environmental issues have high averages in the BU dimension. When the literature is examined, the results of many studies reveal that students' approaches to nature are more utilitarian (Grace and Ratcliffe, 2002;Dervişoğlu and Kılıç, 2013). The results of a study conducted in England revealed that high school students see the reason for the conservation of biodiversity as utilitarian, aesthetic, and economically important rather than ecological reasons (Grace and Ratcliffe, 2002). Similarly, Dervişoğlu and Kılıç (2013) emphasize that university students have the most common utilitarian value orientation towards nature. In the remaining dimensions, including CIB (F(2-784)=2.720, p>.05), EB (F(2-784)=.0376, p>.05), SB (F(2-784)=2.207, p>.05), TAPB (F(2-784)=.085, p>.05), CIS (F(2-784)=1.285, p>.05) and BK (F(2-784)=1.233, p>.05), there is not any statistically significant difference when student feelings for studying environmental topics is considered. This might be due to the insufficiency of environmental topics in the curriculum, the instructional methods that shape the learning process, or the lack of awareness of the environment. It is thought that the fact that outof-school learning is not included in the program and that students examine environmental issues detached from nature may negatively affect their processes of making sense of environmental issues.

RQ5 Are there statistically significant differences among the participant students' biodiversity literacy levels according to students' views of the understanding of environmental problems in comparison to their peers?
This research question investigated the participant students' biodiversity literacy scores based on their understanding of environmental issues.  Table 6 displays the analysis of data based on the participant secondary students' understanding of environmental issues. The analysis reveals a statistically significant difference in student responses in the CIS (F (2-784) =3.010, p<.05). In contrast, students' responses to their understanding of environmental issues do not differ in the CIB (F(2-784)=1.191, p>.05), the EB (F(2-784)=.558, p>.05), the SB (F(2-784)=2.395, p>.05), the TAPB (F(2-784)=.353, p>.05), the CIS (F(2-784)=1.360, p>.05) and BK (F(2-784)=1.436, p>.05) dimensions of biodiversity literacy scale. This might be due to the insufficient number of learning outcomes and the time allocated for teaching the related units framed in the national curriculum (MoNE, 2018). Therefore, it is not surprising to see relatively low mean scores for the participant students understanding of environmental issues. Cebesoy and Şahin (2010) found that biological diversity and its importance for the country are included in the science curriculum, but this importance is not emphasized enough. However, it is necessary to increase the diversity protection sensitivity of individuals who grow up in a developing country like Turkey (Yörek, 2009). Ozdemir (2010) claims that only the economic value of biological diversity related to human needs is included in the textbooks and the knowledge about the protection of biodiversity is generally superficial while mostly ignoring the self-value. This is why the biodiversity literacy levels of the students do not differ as the participant secondary school students cannot fully understand the environmental problems. Ergazaki and Ampatzidis (2012) state in their study that university students cannot understand the depth of their environmental problems. In their study, the scenarios were established that if the environment is protected by people, the environmental destruction will be eliminated and the environmental balance can be as before.

E. Conclusion
In this study, secondary school students' biodiversity literacy levels were investigated. The study revealed that the students' displayed a high attitude towards biodiversity but their knowledge level of biodiversity was low. The study also showed that female participant students' attitudes towards biodiversity were higher than male participant students in the CIB, PE, and SB dimensions of biodiversity literacy scale. In the same vain, participant students' grade levels had a positive correlation with students' attitudes toward biodiversity as students' years of study increased their attitude towards biodiversity and also showed an increase in CIB, EB, SB, TAPB dimensions. In this context; extra content, activities, and learning outcomes for biodiversity should be included in the national science curriculum. Also, the textbooks should be reviewed to include all elements of biodiversity education.