Legal Pluralism and the Social Anomaly of Halal Governance: MSME Compliance and Market Negotiation in Lombok's Halal Tourism Regulation
Keywords:
Halal certification, Legal Pluralism, Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah, Compliance Theory, MSMEs
Abstract
Halal product assurance in Indonesia remains constrained by the gap between formal regulatory frameworks and the existing conditions and realities of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This study investigates how hybrid governance settings, where state law, local socio-cultural norms, and market incentives coexist and shape MSME compliance with halal certification requirements. Focusing on the tourism-dependent economy of Gili Trawangan, the article employs a qualitative socio-legal methodology, combining in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. Guided by Critical Legal Pluralism, Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah, and Substantialist–Formalist Compliance Theory, the findings identify three distinct compliance pathways: adoption, adaptation, and resistance. These patterns emerge from actors' strategic negotiations across multiple normative orders, mediated by their compliance orientations and prioritization of hifẓ al-māl, hifẓ al-dīn, and hifẓ al-nafs. The study argues that effective halal governance cannot rely solely on legal enforcement but must realign economic and religious–ethical objectives to make those conditions mutually reinforcing. This reconceptualisation contributes to academic debates on legal pluralism in Islamic economic governance, offering policy recommendations to harmonise formal law with socio-economic contexts in tourism-based Muslim-minority regions.
References
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Bazin, Damien, and et al. 2024. "From Halal Tourism to the Sharia Economy: The Case of Lombok Honeymoon Halal Tourism." Tourism and Hospitality Research.
Brandão, Filipa, Zélia Breda, and Carlos Costa. 2019. "Innovation and Internationalization as Development Strategies for Coastal Tourism Destinations: The Role of Organizational Networks." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.10.004.
Dodds, Rachel, Sonya Rita Graci, and Mark Holmes. 2010. "Does the Tourist Care? A Comparison of Tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18 (2). https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903215162.
Esmaeili, Hossein. "The Nature and Development of Law in Islam and the Rule of Law Challenge in the Middle East and the Muslim World." Connecticut Journal of International Law 26 (2010): 329–48.
Fathurrahim, Fathurrahim. 2021. “Implementasi Perda Wisata Halal Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 Di Pulau Lombok.” Media Bina Ilmiah 16 (1): 6231–38. https://doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v16i1.1226.
Hampton, Mark P, and Julia Jeyacheya. 2015. "Power, Ownership and Tourism in Small Islands: Evidence from Indonesia." World Development 70:481–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.007.
Hasyim, Syafiq. 2022. The Halal Project in Indonesia: Shariatization, Minority Rights and Commodification. Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute.
Hawari, Didin. n.d. "Ali BD Akan Hapus Wisata Halal di NTB?" Portal Berita Harian Radar Lombok. https://radarlombok.co.id/ali-bd-akan-hapus-wisata-halal-di-ntb.html.
Hazri, Tengku Ahmad. "The Rule of Law in Islam: Between Formalism and Substantivism." ICR Journal 7, no. 1 (2016): 65–80. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v7i1.284.
Hidayah, Nur, and Nadhil Novarel Mathari. "Literasi dan Inklusi Syariah dalam Ekonomi Informal: Pedagang Kaki Lima di Masa Covid-19." Dalam IGCIS 2022: International Global Conferences on Islamic Studies. Mataram, Indonesia, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.19-10-2022.2329046.
Hidayah, Nur, and Ucu Solihah. "Challenges and Opportunities in the Indonesian Halal Industry." In Exploring the Halal Industry and Its Business Ecosystem Prospects, edited by Ahmad Rafiki, Leni Marlina, and Muhammad Adam, 75-96. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2025.
Hidayat, Rahmad, M Awaluddin, and Candra Candra. 2019. “Implementasi Kebijakan Pariwisata Halal Di NTB (Studi Implementasi Kebijakan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi NTB No.2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pariwisata Halal).” JIAP (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik) 6 (2): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.31764/jiap.v6i2.645.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. 2005. "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36 (3): 419–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463405000238.
Ibrahim, Abdul Halim, Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman, Shaikh Mohd Saifuddeen, and Madiha Baharuddin. "Maqasid al-Shariah Based Islamic Bioethics: A Comprehensive Approach." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 16 (2019): 333–45.
Irdiana, Sukma, and et al. 2023. "Gold Door for Increasing MSMEs Income: The Role Of Sharia Financial Literacy." In . https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-346-7_26.
Kadri, Kadri. 2020. “Manajemen Dakwah Ramah Pariwisata Berbasis Masjid Di Gili Trawangan, Lombok.” Tasâmuh 18 (1): 29–53. https://doi.org/10.20414/tasamuh.v18i1.1986.
———. 2022. "Religion and Tourism: Promoting Inclusive Islam in Lombok Island, Indonesia." Studia Islamika 29 (2): 333–57. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v29i2.14471.
Khoiriati, S D, and et al. 2018. "Debating Halal Tourism Between Values and Branding: A Case Study of Lombok, Indonesia." KnE Social Sciences 3 (5). https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2352.
Liu, Chunyan, and et al. 2020. "Analyzing Government Role in Rural Tourism Development: An Empirical Investigation from China." Journal of Rural Studies 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.046.
Majid, Nurcholish. 1987. Islam, Kemodernan, Dan Keindonesiaan. Bandung: Mizan.
Mujiatun, Siti, and et al. 2023. "The Impact of Marketing Communication and Islamic Financial Literacy on Islamic Financial Inclusion and MSMEs Performance: Evidence from Halal Tourism in Indonesia." Sustainability (Switzerland) 15 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139868.
Nashuddin, Nashuddin. 2016. "The Management of Muslim Spiritual Tourism in Lombok, Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Indonesian Islam 10 (2): 213–36. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2016.10.2.213-236.
Nugroho, M Setyo, and et al. 2022. "Coastal Tourism: Development Strategy of Loang Baloq Beach in Lombok Island, Indonesia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13 (4). https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.4(60).04.
Pratikto, Heri, Yuli Agustina, and Titi Mutiara. 2023. "Readiness and Interest in Halal Certification: Evidence of the Importance of Self-Declare Literacy and Types of Business of Indonesian MSMEs." 3rd International Conference on Halal Development (ICHaD 2022). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-188-3_20.
Prawiro, Atmo. 2021. “Sosial Budaya Dan Pariwisata Halal Indonesia: Studi Sosial Budaya Destinasi Pariwisata Halal Di Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat.” Doctoral Thesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/57759.
Prawiro, Atmo, and Fathudin. 2023. "Challenges in the Halal Industry Ecosystem: Analyzing the Halal Certification Process for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara." Mazahib 22 (2): 431–84. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v22i2.7010.
Rahmiati, Filda, Norfaridatul Akmaliah Othman, and Meilisa Audina Putri Sunanti. 2019. "Muslim Tourist Satisfaction of Halal Tourism in Lombok." JURNAL SYARIKAH: JURNAL EKONOMI ISLAM 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.30997/jsei.v4i2.1501.
Satria, Akbar Dimas, Syauqi Imam Ahmadi, and Habibillah Hakiki. 2022. "Halal Tourism Development in Lombok, Indonesia: A SWOT Analysis." Halal Tourism and Pilgrimage 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.58968/htp.v2i2.175.
Schiff, David N. "Socio-Legal Theory: Social Structure and Law." The Modern Law Review 39, no. 3 (1976): 287–310
Shalsabilla, Adrienta Nayasha, Mirna Irawan, and Muthia A Rafa. 2025. "The Impact of Tourism on the Sustainability of Gili Trawangan as a Natural Tourist Destination." Journal of Rural Tourism 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.70310/jrt.2025.03010617.
Spigel, Ben, and Richard Harrison. 2018. "Toward a Process Theory of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems." Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1268.
Syamsurrijal, M, and et al. 2023. "From Decision Making to Practice: Economic Growth on Halal Tourism Policies Based on Sharia Regulation in Lombok, Indonesia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 14 (4). https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.4(68).24.
Varga, Peter, and et al. 2022. "Welcome to My Home: Muslim Residents' Perceptions of Western Tourists." Tourism 70 (4). https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.4.3.
Wahid, Abdurrahman. 1989. Pribumisasi Islam. Jakarta: P3M.
Wilson, Jonathan A J. 2014. "The Halal Phenomenon: An Extension or a New Paradigm?" Social Business 4 (3): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1362/204440814X14103454934294.
Interview with Informants
Interview with Reni, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Thursday, September 5, 2024.
Interview with Nyoman, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Wednesday, September 18, 2024.
Interview with Sabda, Staff of the North Lombok Tourism Office, Monday, September 23, 2024.
Interview with Hadi, Religious Leader of Gili Trawangan, Friday, September 27, 2024.
Interview with Made, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Tuesday, September 10, 2024.
Interview with Kejul, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Friday, September 13, 2024.
Interview with Icang, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Monday, September 2, 2024.
Interview with Amin, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Tuesday, September 17, 2024
Interview with Muhammad, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Friday, September 20, 2024.
Baihaqi, M. 2018. “Respon Pelaku Wisata Terhadap Peraturan Daerah NTB Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pariwisata Halal (Studi Di Kawasan Wisata Gili Trawangan Lombok Utara).” Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram.
Baihaqi, Muh. 2019. “Wisata Halal Di Gili Trawangan Lombok Utara.” J-EBIS (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam) 4 (2): 166–82. https://doi.org/10.32505/v4i2.1257.
Barat, Pemerintah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara. 2016. “Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pariwisata Halal.” Mataram: Pemerintah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. https://peraturan.go.id/.
Bazin, Damien, and et al. 2024. "From Halal Tourism to the Sharia Economy: The Case of Lombok Honeymoon Halal Tourism." Tourism and Hospitality Research.
Brandão, Filipa, Zélia Breda, and Carlos Costa. 2019. "Innovation and Internationalization as Development Strategies for Coastal Tourism Destinations: The Role of Organizational Networks." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.10.004.
Dodds, Rachel, Sonya Rita Graci, and Mark Holmes. 2010. "Does the Tourist Care? A Comparison of Tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18 (2). https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903215162.
Esmaeili, Hossein. "The Nature and Development of Law in Islam and the Rule of Law Challenge in the Middle East and the Muslim World." Connecticut Journal of International Law 26 (2010): 329–48.
Fathurrahim, Fathurrahim. 2021. “Implementasi Perda Wisata Halal Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 Di Pulau Lombok.” Media Bina Ilmiah 16 (1): 6231–38. https://doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v16i1.1226.
Hampton, Mark P, and Julia Jeyacheya. 2015. "Power, Ownership and Tourism in Small Islands: Evidence from Indonesia." World Development 70:481–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.12.007.
Hasyim, Syafiq. 2022. The Halal Project in Indonesia: Shariatization, Minority Rights and Commodification. Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute.
Hawari, Didin. n.d. "Ali BD Akan Hapus Wisata Halal di NTB?" Portal Berita Harian Radar Lombok. https://radarlombok.co.id/ali-bd-akan-hapus-wisata-halal-di-ntb.html.
Hazri, Tengku Ahmad. "The Rule of Law in Islam: Between Formalism and Substantivism." ICR Journal 7, no. 1 (2016): 65–80. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v7i1.284.
Hidayah, Nur, and Nadhil Novarel Mathari. "Literasi dan Inklusi Syariah dalam Ekonomi Informal: Pedagang Kaki Lima di Masa Covid-19." Dalam IGCIS 2022: International Global Conferences on Islamic Studies. Mataram, Indonesia, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.19-10-2022.2329046.
Hidayah, Nur, and Ucu Solihah. "Challenges and Opportunities in the Indonesian Halal Industry." In Exploring the Halal Industry and Its Business Ecosystem Prospects, edited by Ahmad Rafiki, Leni Marlina, and Muhammad Adam, 75-96. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2025.
Hidayat, Rahmad, M Awaluddin, and Candra Candra. 2019. “Implementasi Kebijakan Pariwisata Halal Di NTB (Studi Implementasi Kebijakan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi NTB No.2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pariwisata Halal).” JIAP (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik) 6 (2): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.31764/jiap.v6i2.645.
Hosen, Nadirsyah. 2005. "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36 (3): 419–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463405000238.
Ibrahim, Abdul Halim, Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman, Shaikh Mohd Saifuddeen, and Madiha Baharuddin. "Maqasid al-Shariah Based Islamic Bioethics: A Comprehensive Approach." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 16 (2019): 333–45.
Irdiana, Sukma, and et al. 2023. "Gold Door for Increasing MSMEs Income: The Role Of Sharia Financial Literacy." In . https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-346-7_26.
Kadri, Kadri. 2020. “Manajemen Dakwah Ramah Pariwisata Berbasis Masjid Di Gili Trawangan, Lombok.” Tasâmuh 18 (1): 29–53. https://doi.org/10.20414/tasamuh.v18i1.1986.
———. 2022. "Religion and Tourism: Promoting Inclusive Islam in Lombok Island, Indonesia." Studia Islamika 29 (2): 333–57. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v29i2.14471.
Khoiriati, S D, and et al. 2018. "Debating Halal Tourism Between Values and Branding: A Case Study of Lombok, Indonesia." KnE Social Sciences 3 (5). https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2352.
Liu, Chunyan, and et al. 2020. "Analyzing Government Role in Rural Tourism Development: An Empirical Investigation from China." Journal of Rural Studies 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.046.
Majid, Nurcholish. 1987. Islam, Kemodernan, Dan Keindonesiaan. Bandung: Mizan.
Mujiatun, Siti, and et al. 2023. "The Impact of Marketing Communication and Islamic Financial Literacy on Islamic Financial Inclusion and MSMEs Performance: Evidence from Halal Tourism in Indonesia." Sustainability (Switzerland) 15 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139868.
Nashuddin, Nashuddin. 2016. "The Management of Muslim Spiritual Tourism in Lombok, Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Indonesian Islam 10 (2): 213–36. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2016.10.2.213-236.
Nugroho, M Setyo, and et al. 2022. "Coastal Tourism: Development Strategy of Loang Baloq Beach in Lombok Island, Indonesia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13 (4). https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.4(60).04.
Pratikto, Heri, Yuli Agustina, and Titi Mutiara. 2023. "Readiness and Interest in Halal Certification: Evidence of the Importance of Self-Declare Literacy and Types of Business of Indonesian MSMEs." 3rd International Conference on Halal Development (ICHaD 2022). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-188-3_20.
Prawiro, Atmo. 2021. “Sosial Budaya Dan Pariwisata Halal Indonesia: Studi Sosial Budaya Destinasi Pariwisata Halal Di Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat.” Doctoral Thesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/57759.
Prawiro, Atmo, and Fathudin. 2023. "Challenges in the Halal Industry Ecosystem: Analyzing the Halal Certification Process for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara." Mazahib 22 (2): 431–84. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v22i2.7010.
Rahmiati, Filda, Norfaridatul Akmaliah Othman, and Meilisa Audina Putri Sunanti. 2019. "Muslim Tourist Satisfaction of Halal Tourism in Lombok." JURNAL SYARIKAH: JURNAL EKONOMI ISLAM 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.30997/jsei.v4i2.1501.
Satria, Akbar Dimas, Syauqi Imam Ahmadi, and Habibillah Hakiki. 2022. "Halal Tourism Development in Lombok, Indonesia: A SWOT Analysis." Halal Tourism and Pilgrimage 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.58968/htp.v2i2.175.
Schiff, David N. "Socio-Legal Theory: Social Structure and Law." The Modern Law Review 39, no. 3 (1976): 287–310
Shalsabilla, Adrienta Nayasha, Mirna Irawan, and Muthia A Rafa. 2025. "The Impact of Tourism on the Sustainability of Gili Trawangan as a Natural Tourist Destination." Journal of Rural Tourism 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.70310/jrt.2025.03010617.
Spigel, Ben, and Richard Harrison. 2018. "Toward a Process Theory of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems." Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1268.
Syamsurrijal, M, and et al. 2023. "From Decision Making to Practice: Economic Growth on Halal Tourism Policies Based on Sharia Regulation in Lombok, Indonesia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 14 (4). https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.4(68).24.
Varga, Peter, and et al. 2022. "Welcome to My Home: Muslim Residents' Perceptions of Western Tourists." Tourism 70 (4). https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.4.3.
Wahid, Abdurrahman. 1989. Pribumisasi Islam. Jakarta: P3M.
Wilson, Jonathan A J. 2014. "The Halal Phenomenon: An Extension or a New Paradigm?" Social Business 4 (3): 255–71. https://doi.org/10.1362/204440814X14103454934294.
Interview with Informants
Interview with Reni, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Thursday, September 5, 2024.
Interview with Nyoman, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Wednesday, September 18, 2024.
Interview with Sabda, Staff of the North Lombok Tourism Office, Monday, September 23, 2024.
Interview with Hadi, Religious Leader of Gili Trawangan, Friday, September 27, 2024.
Interview with Made, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Tuesday, September 10, 2024.
Interview with Kejul, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Friday, September 13, 2024.
Interview with Icang, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Monday, September 2, 2024.
Interview with Amin, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Tuesday, September 17, 2024
Interview with Muhammad, MSME Actor in Gili Trawangan, Friday, September 20, 2024.
Published
2025-12-25
How to Cite
Wathoni, A., Hidayah, N., Suhaimi, A., Adnan, M., Pitaloka, L., & Kilwakit, M. (2025). Legal Pluralism and the Social Anomaly of Halal Governance: MSME Compliance and Market Negotiation in Lombok’s Halal Tourism Regulation. Mazahib, 24(2), 456-476. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v24i2.11477
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Wahid Wathoni, Nur Hidayah, Ahmad Suhaimi; Muh Adnan, Lolla Pitaloka; Marifat Kilwakit
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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