Islamic Law and State Confiscation of Illegitimately Acquired Wealth: A Case Study on the Ibadi Concept of Taghrīq
Keywords:
Taghrīq, Confiscation, ghaṣb, Imamate, Oman, Ibadism
Abstract
This paper examines both the concept and application of taghrīq (state confiscation of illegitimately acquired wealth) in Ibadi Islamic jurisprudence, addressing a gap in scholarship on Islamic public financial law. It situates the concept within Islam’s prohibition of unlawful enrichment and explores how justice may be restored when restitution to rightful owners is impossible. The study reveals that taghrīq is a distinct Ibadi legal mechanism for addressing structural economic injustice, especially under illegitimate or oppressive rule. Methodologically, it combines doctrinal analysis of Ibadi legal texts with historical case studies from Oman, clarifying key concepts such as ghaṣb, Bayt al-māl, and jabbār, and examining precedents from early Islamic governance. It also outlines the legal conditions and scholarly debates governing taghrīq. The findings indicate that taghrīq is a regulated judicial tool applied when injustice is proven, ownership cannot be determined, and scholarly authorization is obtained. Historically, it enabled redistribution of illicit wealth for public welfare, forming a sophisticated Ibadi framework for financial accountability.
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Sālimī, Muḥammad Shibāt Nūr al-Dīn as-. Nahḍat Al-A’yān Bi-Ḥurriyat ‘Umān. Beirut: Dār al-Jail, 1998.
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Shaqṣī, Khamīs b. Saʿīd ash-. Manhaj Al-Ṭālibīn Wa-Balāgh Al-Rāghibīn, edited by Sālim b. Ḥamad al-Ḥārthī. 2nd ed. Muscat: Wizārat at-Turāth al-Qawmī wa th-Thaqāfah, 1993.
Siyābī, Aḥmad b. Saʿūd as-. Al-Wasīṭ Fī Al-Tārīkh Al-ʿUmānī. 2nd ed. Oman: Maktabat al-Ḍāmirī, 2012.
Siyābī, Aḥmad b. Saʿūd as-. Uṣūl Bait al-Māl Fī ʿUmān Wa Atharuhā Al-Ḥaḍārī Fī ʿAhd Dawlat Al-Būsaʿīd. 2nd ed. Seeb: Maktabat al-Ḍāmirī, 2018.
Siyābī, Khalfān b. Jamīl as-. Faṣl Al-Khiṭāb Fī Al-Masʾalah Wa al-Jawāb. vol. 2. Muscat: Wizārat at-Turāth wa th-Thaqāfah, 2007.
Siyābī, Sālim b. Ḥamūd as-. ʿUmān ʿAbr Al-Tārīkh. 5th ed. Muscat: Wizārat at-Turāth wa th-Thaqāfa, 2014.
ʿAlawī, Ṭāriq b. Khamīs al-Sarāy al-. Al-ʿAlāqa Baina Al-Imāmah Wa s-Salṭanah Fī ʿUmān. Damascus: Dār al-Farqad, 2014.
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Wilkinson, John Craven. Ibadism, Origins and Early Development in Oman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Wilkinson, John Craven. Water and Tribal Settlement in South-East Arabia: A Study of the Aflaj of Oman. Hildesheim: Olms, 2013.
Wizārat al-Awqāf wa sh-Shu’ūn al-Islāmiyyah (Kuwait). Al-Mawsūʿah Al-Fiqhiyyah al-Kuwaytiyyah. Kuwait: Dār al-Salāsil, 1404-1427/1983-2006.
Zabīdī, Muḥammad Murtaḍā az-. Tāj Al-ʿArūs Min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs. 1st ed. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Irshād wa-l-Anbāʾ, 1965.
Zarqāʾ, Muṣṭafā Aḥmad az-. Al-Fiʿl Aḍ-Ḍārr Wa aḍ-Ḍamān Fīh. 1st ed. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1988.
Ziriklī, Khair al-Dīn az-. Al-Aʿlām: Qāmūs Tarājim Li-Ashhar Al-Rijāl Wa-l-Nisāʾ. 15th ed. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 2002.
Published
2026-06-23
How to Cite
Al Awaidi, M., & Bouzenita, A. (2026). Islamic Law and State Confiscation of Illegitimately Acquired Wealth: A Case Study on the Ibadi Concept of Taghrīq. Mazahib, 25(1), 140-163. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v25i1.11650
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmood Said Al Awaidi, Anke Iman Bouzenita
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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