Transportasi Lintas Batas Karbon Dioksida melalui Kapal untuk Penyimpanan: Tinjauan UNCLOS di Indonesia
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions that drive global climate change. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged as a key mitigation strategy, and transboundary transportation by sea is increasingly considered due to limited storage capacity in some countries. This study applies a legal method with an analytical approach to the international legal framework under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It examines the jurisdiction of coastal and flag states, as well as marine environmental protection provisions relevant to transboundary transportation of carbon dioxide for storage. Findings show that Indonesia can become a regional carbon storage site. Although UNCLOS does not explicitly regulate transboundary carbon dioxide for storage, it provides jurisdictional bases and environmental protection obligations applicable to transboundary CCS projects. The Convention also affirms sovereign rights of coastal and flag states, including exclusive rights to infrastructure development in the EEZ for economic purposes such as carbon storage. Foreign vessels retain freedom of navigation provided activities do not harm other states in violation of UNCLOS. Effective implementation of transboundary CCS in Indonesia therefore requires international agreements and cooperation to ensure legal certainty and environmental safety.
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