Building a Culture of Peace in Education: An Exploration of Al-Ghazali's Thoughts on Inner and Social Peace
Keywords:
culture of peace, Imam Al-Ghazali, inner peace, social peace
Abstract
A culture of peace in education is a concept that emphasizes the importance of creating a harmonious learning environment and respecting differences to achieve an effective, conducive, and harmonious learning environment for students. Research on the culture of peace in education on the mental and social aspects of creating peace often receives less attention. The thoughts of figures such as Imam Al-Ghazali offer a holistic and comprehensive view of peace. This study aimed to explore Imam Al-Ghazali's thoughts on inner and social peace and how to build a culture of peace in education. A qualitative approach was chosen to understand Imam Al-Ghazali's thoughts on inner and social peace and how these concepts can be applied in an educational context. The methods used in this research were literature study and content analysis. The three main works of Imam Al-Ghazali studied were Ihya 'Ulum al-Din, Al-Munqidh min al-Dalal, and Bidayat al-Hidayah. The results showed three principles in building a culture of peace: inner peace, cleansing of the soul, and noble character. This study has an implication to pay attention to mental and social aspects of creating a harmonious learning environment by strengthening the values of tolerance, empathy, justice, cooperation, and peaceful conflict resolution in the curriculum and learning. In addition, the character building of students who can communicate, think critically, and solve problems peacefully should be prioritized in education.
References
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Amadei, B. (2019). Engineering for peace and diplomacy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205646
Amin, S. M. (2022). Ilmu Tasawuf. Amzah.
Arianti, A. (2019). Urgensi lingkungan belajar yang kondusif dalam mendorong siswa belajar aktif. Didaktika: Jurnal Kependidikan, 11(1), 41–62.
Bachri, B. S. (2010). Meyakinkan validitas data melalui triangulasi pada penelitian kualitatif. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 10(1), 46–62.
Badruzaman, I., & Vitón, G. (2021). From peace to peace(s): The impact of the local participation in the contemporary global concept of peacebuilding. Lessons from Indonesia and Mozambique . Sociologia y Tecnociencia, 11(2), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.24197/st.2.2021.326-352
Bergmann, J. (2021). “Sisters in Peace”: Analyzing the cooperation between the United Nations and the European Union in peace mediation. International Negotiation, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069-bja10041
Cavanagh, T. (2012). Creating Peaceful and Nonviolent Schools in the Midst of a Culture of War and Violence. In Educating for Peace in a Time of Permanent War: Are Schools Part of the Solution or the Problem? (pp. 243–254). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203112328-26
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De La Guardia, R. M. (2018). The short 20th century’s search for an impossible peace (1918-1989) . Vinculos de Historia, 7, 97–114. https://doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2018.07.06
Ezcurra, R., & Manotas, B. (2017). Is there a link between globalisation and civil conflict? World Economy, 40(12), 2592–2610. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12514
Galtung, J. (2010). Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution: ThE Need for Transdisciplinarity. Transcultural Psychiatry, 47(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461510362041
Hasballah, K., Darna, A., Said, W., Akbar, H., Makinara, I. K., & Fauzan, F. (2021). Identifying ’Illat through Munasabah in Islamic Law: A Perspective of Imam Al-Ghazali. Samarah, 5(2), 598–618. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.10914
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Khasani, F. (2020). Tasawuf kontemplatif: prinsip-prinsip jalan kesufian al-muhasibi. Dinamika Penelitian: Media Komunikasi Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 20(2), 285–312.
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Kostelyanets, S. V. (2020). Russia’s peace mediation in Africa: An assessment. Vostok (Oriens), 2020(6), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086919080012475-9
Kukkonen, T. (2016). Al-Ghazālī on the Origins of Ethics. Numen, 63(2–3), 271–298. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341423
Kurniawan, S. (2017). Pendidikan karakter dalam Islam pemikiran Al-Ghazali tentang pendidikan karakter anak berbasis Akhlaq al-Karimah. Tadrib, 3(2), 197–216.
Lehti, M. (2019a). Resilient (Peace) Mediation Practice. In Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies (pp. 15–35). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91201-1_2
Lehti, M. (2019b). Smart Actors Within the Complexity of Multitrack Peace Diplomacy. In Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies (pp. 125–144). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91201-1_9
Mahmudlu, C., & Abilov, S. (2018). The peace-making process in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: why did Iran fail in its mediation effort? Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, 26(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/25739638.2017.1404259
Majeed, M. T. (2018). Quality of Life and Globalization: Evidence from Islamic Countries. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(3), 709–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9554-3
Masduqi, I. (2013). Deradikalisasi pendidikan Islam berbasis khazanah pesantren. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2(1), 1–20.
Michael, M. (2011). Al-Ghazali. In The History of Western Philosophy of Religion: Medieval Philosophy of Religion (Vol. 2, pp. 85–96). https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9781844654642.008
Mobarak, T. (2022). “Variation” in Approaches to Human Psyche: Exploring Al-Ghazālī’s Influence on Freudian Psychoanalysis. Comparative Literature: East and West, 6(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2022.2027117
Monkman, K. (2006). Globalization and Social Justice: Working the Tensions of the Dialectics of National Character. In Current Perspectives in Social Theory (Vol. 24, pp. 261–272). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-1204(06)24006-4
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Ridder, H.-G., Miles, M.-B., Michael Huberman, A., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis. A methods sourcebook. Zeitschrift Fur Personalforschung, 28(4), 485–487. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925135221&partnerID=40&md5=b3a13f4791333205d6b1b2a5104c57a7
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Sahoh, I., & Sattar, Y. (2016). The idea of peace and conflict resolution in Islam. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 37(3), 333–344. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85129459530&partnerID=40&md5=311583b0ffa5361e5b825b6d232ff8d1
Sandal, N. (2022). Religious leaders and peace. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Peace (pp. 552–561). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119424420.ch47
Sapiano, J. (2020). The boundaries of peace: a feminist analysis of international mediation processes. Griffith Law Review, 29(3), 451–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2020.1903666
Setia, P., & Imron, H. M. (2021). Kampanye moderasi beragama: Dari tradisional menuju digital. Prodi S2 Studi Agama-Agama UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Setiadi, R., Kartadinata, S., Ilfiandra, & Nakaya, A. (2017). A peace pedagogy model for the development of peace culture in an education setting. Open Psychology Journal, 10, 182–189. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101710010182
Shah, R. (2015). Saint Thomas Aquinas and Imam al-Ghazali on the attainment of happiness. The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society, 6(2), 15.
Soleh, A. K. (2022). Al-Ghazali’s Concept of Happiness in The Alchemy of Happiness. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 12(2), 196–211. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.122.14
Suherman, U., Budiman, N., Suryana, D., Yudha, E. S., Ahmad, A. B., & Bin Saper, M. N. (2019). Dimension of peace culture based on Al-quran values. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(10), 2171–2178. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.071015
Suriansah, D. (2021). Menuju Kesempurnaan Jiwa: Tasawuf Pergerakan Sa’id Hawa Membangun Peradaban Manusia. Penerbit A-Empat.
Suryadarma, Y., & Haq, A. H. (2015). Pendidikan akhlak menurut imam Al-Ghazali. At-Ta’dib, 10(2).
Wallensteen, P., & Svensson, I. (2014). Talking peace: International mediation in armed conflicts. Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313512223
Wally, M. (2022). Peran Guru dalam Pembentukan Karakter Siswa. Jurnal Studi Islam, 10(1), 70–81.
Wejnert, B. (2013). Reflections on the impact of globalization: Diffusion, equality, and opportunities. In Research in Political Sociology (Vol. 21, pp. 255–261). https://doi.org/10.1108/S0895-9935(2013)0000021015
Xi, J., & Lee, M. T. (2021). Inner peace as a contribution to human flourishing: A new scale developed from ancient wisdom. In Measuring Well-Being: Interdisciplinary Perspectives from the Social Sciences and the Humanities (pp. 435–481). https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0016
Yahya, N. A., & Sham, F. M. (2020). Pendekatan Tazkiyah Al-Nafs Dalam Menangani Masalah Kemurungan. Al-Hikmah, 12(1), 3–18.
Yusuf, A. M. (2019). Konsep Pendidikan Akhlak Yang Terkandung Dalam Kitab Bidayat Al-Hidayah Karya Al Imam Hujjatul Islam Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali Dan Relevansinya Dengan Materi Akhlak Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah. IAIN Ponorogo.
Zembylas, M., & Loukaides, L. (2021). Teachers’ strategies of everyday diplomacy in peace education: A case study of the “infrapolitics” of peacebuilding in Greek-Cypriot schools. Research in Comparative and International Education, 16(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499921991649
Ahmad, J. (2018). Desain penelitian analisis isi (Content analysis). Research Gate, 5(9), 1–20.
Akylbayeva, I. M., Malgarayeva, Z. B., Kussainova, Z. D., Amanzholuly, S. K., Umirzakova, L. A., Kalenova, T. S., Zharkenova, A. M., & Tlebaldiyeva, M. D. (2014). Resources of terrorism spread and its globalization. Life Science Journal, 11(SPEC.ISS.1), 202–206.
Al-Akiti, M. A., & Halim, Z. A. A. (2021). A glimpse on the characteristics of Sufism and its major references in the malay world. Afkar, 23(1), 309–344. https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.9
Al-Ghazali, A. H. (2000). Al-Ghazali’s Path to Sufism: His Deliverance from Error (al-Munqidh min al-Dalal) and Five Key Texts. Trans. RJ McCarthy. Louisville KY: Fons Vitae.
Al-Ghazali, I. (2007). ringkasan Ihya’’ulumuddin, terj. Fudhailurrahman Dan Aida Humaira. Jakarta Sahara.
Amadei, B. (2019). Engineering for peace and diplomacy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205646
Amin, S. M. (2022). Ilmu Tasawuf. Amzah.
Arianti, A. (2019). Urgensi lingkungan belajar yang kondusif dalam mendorong siswa belajar aktif. Didaktika: Jurnal Kependidikan, 11(1), 41–62.
Bachri, B. S. (2010). Meyakinkan validitas data melalui triangulasi pada penelitian kualitatif. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 10(1), 46–62.
Badruzaman, I., & Vitón, G. (2021). From peace to peace(s): The impact of the local participation in the contemporary global concept of peacebuilding. Lessons from Indonesia and Mozambique . Sociologia y Tecnociencia, 11(2), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.24197/st.2.2021.326-352
Bergmann, J. (2021). “Sisters in Peace”: Analyzing the cooperation between the United Nations and the European Union in peace mediation. International Negotiation, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069-bja10041
Cavanagh, T. (2012). Creating Peaceful and Nonviolent Schools in the Midst of a Culture of War and Violence. In Educating for Peace in a Time of Permanent War: Are Schools Part of the Solution or the Problem? (pp. 243–254). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203112328-26
Chérif, L., Niemiec, R., & Wood, V. (2022). Character strengths and inner peace. International Journal of Wellbeing, 12(3), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v12i3.2195
De La Guardia, R. M. (2018). The short 20th century’s search for an impossible peace (1918-1989) . Vinculos de Historia, 7, 97–114. https://doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2018.07.06
Ezcurra, R., & Manotas, B. (2017). Is there a link between globalisation and civil conflict? World Economy, 40(12), 2592–2610. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12514
Galtung, J. (2010). Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution: ThE Need for Transdisciplinarity. Transcultural Psychiatry, 47(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461510362041
Hasballah, K., Darna, A., Said, W., Akbar, H., Makinara, I. K., & Fauzan, F. (2021). Identifying ’Illat through Munasabah in Islamic Law: A Perspective of Imam Al-Ghazali. Samarah, 5(2), 598–618. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.10914
Hidayat, R., & Wijaya, C. (2016). Ilmu pendidikan Islam: menuntun arah pendidikan Islam di Indonesia. Lembaga Peduli Pengembangan Pendidikan Indonesia.
Idris, S. (2017). Internalisasi Nilai dalam Pendidikan (Konsep dan Kerangka Pembelajaran dalam Pendidikan Islam). Darussalam Publishing.
Khasani, F. (2020). Tasawuf kontemplatif: prinsip-prinsip jalan kesufian al-muhasibi. Dinamika Penelitian: Media Komunikasi Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 20(2), 285–312.
Kianifard, N. (2020). Al-Ghazali’s compatibility with the philosophers and the influence of Sufism. Religious Inquiries, 9(17), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.22034/ri.2019.114605.1215
Kostelyanets, S. V. (2020). Russia’s peace mediation in Africa: An assessment. Vostok (Oriens), 2020(6), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.31857/S086919080012475-9
Kukkonen, T. (2016). Al-Ghazālī on the Origins of Ethics. Numen, 63(2–3), 271–298. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341423
Kurniawan, S. (2017). Pendidikan karakter dalam Islam pemikiran Al-Ghazali tentang pendidikan karakter anak berbasis Akhlaq al-Karimah. Tadrib, 3(2), 197–216.
Lehti, M. (2019a). Resilient (Peace) Mediation Practice. In Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies (pp. 15–35). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91201-1_2
Lehti, M. (2019b). Smart Actors Within the Complexity of Multitrack Peace Diplomacy. In Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies (pp. 125–144). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91201-1_9
Mahmudlu, C., & Abilov, S. (2018). The peace-making process in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: why did Iran fail in its mediation effort? Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, 26(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/25739638.2017.1404259
Majeed, M. T. (2018). Quality of Life and Globalization: Evidence from Islamic Countries. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(3), 709–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9554-3
Masduqi, I. (2013). Deradikalisasi pendidikan Islam berbasis khazanah pesantren. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2(1), 1–20.
Michael, M. (2011). Al-Ghazali. In The History of Western Philosophy of Religion: Medieval Philosophy of Religion (Vol. 2, pp. 85–96). https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9781844654642.008
Mobarak, T. (2022). “Variation” in Approaches to Human Psyche: Exploring Al-Ghazālī’s Influence on Freudian Psychoanalysis. Comparative Literature: East and West, 6(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2022.2027117
Monkman, K. (2006). Globalization and Social Justice: Working the Tensions of the Dialectics of National Character. In Current Perspectives in Social Theory (Vol. 24, pp. 261–272). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-1204(06)24006-4
Othman, R., Noordin, M. F., Tengku Sembok, T. M., Kheder, A. M. Z. M., Mior Ibrahim, E. N., Kazi, S. H., & Abdul Karim, S. R. (2014). Personal learning environment framework for a self-help Maqam-based search system. 2014 the 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for the Muslim World, ICT4M 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT4M.2014.7020621
Ridder, H.-G., Miles, M.-B., Michael Huberman, A., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis. A methods sourcebook. Zeitschrift Fur Personalforschung, 28(4), 485–487. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925135221&partnerID=40&md5=b3a13f4791333205d6b1b2a5104c57a7
Rohman, A. (2014). Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Akhlak Dalam Kitab “Bidayat Al-Hidayah” Al-Ghazali Dan Relevansinya Dengan Pendidikan Karakter Di Indonesia. UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Roque-Hernández, R. V. (2022). Building a Culture of Peace in Everyday Life With Inter- and Transdisciplinary Perspectives. Frontiers in Education, 7(June), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.847968
Sahoh, I., & Sattar, Y. (2016). The idea of peace and conflict resolution in Islam. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 37(3), 333–344. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85129459530&partnerID=40&md5=311583b0ffa5361e5b825b6d232ff8d1
Sandal, N. (2022). Religious leaders and peace. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Peace (pp. 552–561). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119424420.ch47
Sapiano, J. (2020). The boundaries of peace: a feminist analysis of international mediation processes. Griffith Law Review, 29(3), 451–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2020.1903666
Setia, P., & Imron, H. M. (2021). Kampanye moderasi beragama: Dari tradisional menuju digital. Prodi S2 Studi Agama-Agama UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Setiadi, R., Kartadinata, S., Ilfiandra, & Nakaya, A. (2017). A peace pedagogy model for the development of peace culture in an education setting. Open Psychology Journal, 10, 182–189. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101710010182
Shah, R. (2015). Saint Thomas Aquinas and Imam al-Ghazali on the attainment of happiness. The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society, 6(2), 15.
Soleh, A. K. (2022). Al-Ghazali’s Concept of Happiness in The Alchemy of Happiness. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 12(2), 196–211. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.122.14
Suherman, U., Budiman, N., Suryana, D., Yudha, E. S., Ahmad, A. B., & Bin Saper, M. N. (2019). Dimension of peace culture based on Al-quran values. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(10), 2171–2178. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.071015
Suriansah, D. (2021). Menuju Kesempurnaan Jiwa: Tasawuf Pergerakan Sa’id Hawa Membangun Peradaban Manusia. Penerbit A-Empat.
Suryadarma, Y., & Haq, A. H. (2015). Pendidikan akhlak menurut imam Al-Ghazali. At-Ta’dib, 10(2).
Wallensteen, P., & Svensson, I. (2014). Talking peace: International mediation in armed conflicts. Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313512223
Wally, M. (2022). Peran Guru dalam Pembentukan Karakter Siswa. Jurnal Studi Islam, 10(1), 70–81.
Wejnert, B. (2013). Reflections on the impact of globalization: Diffusion, equality, and opportunities. In Research in Political Sociology (Vol. 21, pp. 255–261). https://doi.org/10.1108/S0895-9935(2013)0000021015
Xi, J., & Lee, M. T. (2021). Inner peace as a contribution to human flourishing: A new scale developed from ancient wisdom. In Measuring Well-Being: Interdisciplinary Perspectives from the Social Sciences and the Humanities (pp. 435–481). https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0016
Yahya, N. A., & Sham, F. M. (2020). Pendekatan Tazkiyah Al-Nafs Dalam Menangani Masalah Kemurungan. Al-Hikmah, 12(1), 3–18.
Yusuf, A. M. (2019). Konsep Pendidikan Akhlak Yang Terkandung Dalam Kitab Bidayat Al-Hidayah Karya Al Imam Hujjatul Islam Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali Dan Relevansinya Dengan Materi Akhlak Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah. IAIN Ponorogo.
Zembylas, M., & Loukaides, L. (2021). Teachers’ strategies of everyday diplomacy in peace education: A case study of the “infrapolitics” of peacebuilding in Greek-Cypriot schools. Research in Comparative and International Education, 16(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499921991649
Published
2023-04-28
How to Cite
Irawan, A., Solehuddin, M., Ilfiandra, I., & Yulindrasari, H. (2023). Building a Culture of Peace in Education: An Exploration of Al-Ghazali’s Thoughts on Inner and Social Peace. Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education, 5(2), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.21093/sajie.v5i2.6346
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Articles
