The Role of Islamic Law in Addressing Global Warming: Perspectives from Indonesia and Global Contexts
Keywords:
Islamic Law, Global Warming, Western, Indonesia
Abstract
This study examines the role of Islamic law in addressing global warming, focusing on case studies from Indonesia and Western contexts. As emphasized by Indian scholar Mukherjee A, climate change has emerged as an escalating global threat driven primarily by human actions such as excessive fossil fuel consumption, deforestation for industrialization and urbanization, and rapid population growth. These activities accelerate global warming and permanently disrupt ecosystems, leading to significant human suffering. Within Islamic jurisprudence, the principle of Fiqh al-Bī’ah (Islamic environmental jurisprudence) provides both a moral and legal foundation for maintaining ecological balance. Classical Muslim scholars emphasize stewardship (khilāfah) and accountability (mas’ūliyyah) as ethical imperatives guiding human responsibility toward nature. In the contemporary context, Islamic law extends these principles through maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly the preservation of life (ḥifẓ al-nafs) and nature (ḥifẓ al-bi’ah), which demand sustainable and responsible engagement with the environment. This research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) alongside an analysis of classical Islamic works, examining 578 scholarly papers to ensure comprehensive coverage. The Miles and Huberman framework, comprising data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, was applied to guide the data analysis. The findings reveal that Islamic law offers both normative and practical mechanisms for mitigating climate change: (1) strengthening Fiqh al-Bī’ah as a legal-ethical response, (2) promoting ecological citizenship within Society 5.0, (3) enforcing robust environmental regulations and local capacity building, and (4) integrating technological innovation with sustainable practices. The study concludes that Islamic law provides a holistic ethical and legal foundation for environmental stewardship, harmonizing traditional jurisprudence with modern sustainability initiatives to address global warming both globally and locally.
References
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Koehrsen, Jens. “Muslims and Climate Change: How Islam, Muslim Organizations, and Religious Leaders Influence Climate Change Perceptions and Mitigation Activities.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 12, no. 3 (2021).
Koehrsen, Jens, Julia Blanc, and Fabian Huber. Religious Environmental Activism: Emerging Conflicts and Tensions in Earth Stewardship. Religious Environmental Activism: Emerging Conflicts and Tensions in Earth Stewardship, 2022.
Kosasih, Engkos, Mohammad Rindu Fajar Islamy, and Rizzaldy Satria Wiwaha. “Artificial Intelligence in the Era of Society 5.0: Compromising Technological Innovation Through the Wasathiyyah Approach within the Framework of Islamic Law.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (2024): 519 – 540.
Maina, Newton Kahumbi. “Crop Diseases, Pests and Food Insecurity in Africa: An Islamic Perspective.” Sustainable Development Goals Series Part F2819 (2024): 167 – 179.
Mesarović, Miodrag M. “Global Warming and Other Climate Change Phenomena on the Geological Time Scale.” Thermal Science 23 (2019): S1435 – S1455.
Mrozowska, Sylwia, and Marcin Hintz. “Religion and Climate Policy in the European Union.” European Journal of Science and Theology 16, no. 5 (2020): 143 – 156.
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Pachauri, R K. “Climate Change.” New Scientist 187, no. 2517 (2005): 39.
Parhan, Muhamad., Syahidin., Somad, Momod Abdul., Abdulah, Mulyana., & Nugraha, Risris Hari. "Developing a contextual learning model in Islamic education to improve applicable knowledge and foster knowledge-based virtues". Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10 no 1 (2024): 75-86.
Ponin, Vencatesen. Religion and the Environment: An Exploration of the Connections among the Hindu and Christian Community in the Republic of Mauritius. Sustainability and the Humanities, 2018.
Rahmawati, Nikmah. “Kenakalan Remaja Dan Kedisiplinan: Perspektif Psikologi Dan Islam.” Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 11, no. 2 (2017): 267.
Ridhā, Muhammad Rashid. Tafsīr Al-Manār. Al-Haiah Al-Mishriyyah Al-Ammah Lil Kitab, 1990.
Roblek, Vasja, Maja Meško, and Iztok Podbregar. “Mapping of the Emergence of Society 5.0: A Bibliometric Analysis.” Organizacija 54, no. 4 (2021): 293 – 305.
Santos, Dri, and Asnawan. “Reviewing The Concept Of Fiqh Al-Bi’ah In Law Enforcement Against Ecocide Performers In Indonesia.” Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo Atual 4, no. 42 (2023): 310 – 327.
Schaefer, Jame. “Motivated for Action and Collaboration: The Abrahamic Religions and Climate Change.” Geosciences (Switzerland) 6, no. 3 (2016).
Simarmata, D P, and D R Indrawati. “Using Local Wisdom for Climate Change Mitigation.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1109, 2022.
Stoica-Fuchs, Beniamin. “Assessing the Vulnerability of Transport Network to Flood Hazard Using GIS Analysis. Case Study along Orient-East Med TEN-T Corridor, on Timiș-Cerna Valley, Romania.” Present Environment and Sustainable Development 15, no. 2 (2021): 145 – 160.
Suwarjin. “Achieving Religious Harmony through Fiqh Wasatiyah.” Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice 19, no. 2 (2023): 145 – 161.
Taylor, Bron. “Religion to the Rescue (?) In an Age of Climate Disruption.” Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 9, no. 1 (2015): 7 – 18.
Thanthawi, Muhammad Sayyid. “At-Tafsir Al-Wasith Lil Quran Al-Karim.” Maidan Ahmad: As-Sa’adah, 1987.
Torabi, Maryamossadat, and Seyed Masoud Noori. “Religious Leaders and the Environmental Crisis Using Knowledge and Social Influence to Counteract Climate Change.” Ecumenical Review 71, no. 3 (2019): 344 – 355.
Weart, Spencer. “Global Warming: How Skepticism Became Denial.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 67, no. 1 (2011): 41 – 50.
Widiati, I R, and Irianto. “Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change on among Stakeholder for Sustainability: Evaluation a Regional Multistakeholder for an Approach of the Role of Disaster Risk Management.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 235, 2019.
Wolf, Jakob, and Mickey Gjerris. “A Religious Perspective on Climate Change.” Studia Theologica - Nordic Journal of Theology 63, no. 2 (2009): 119 – 139.
Xu, Wenhuan, Jeanine M Rhemtulla, Dawei Luo, and Tongli Wang. “Common Drivers Shaping Niche Distribution and Climate Change Responses of One Hundred Tree Species.” Journal of Environmental Management 370 (2024).
Yakovlev, Valeriy A, and Gavril A Belyaev. “Global Climate Change, Its Consequences and Ways to Solve the Problem.” In E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 390, 2023.
Agusalim, Lestari, and Muhamad Karim. “How Religiosity Affect Climate Change? A Cross-Country Analysis.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 14, no. 1 (2024): 150 – 164.
Al-Buthi, Muhamad Said Ramadhan. Fiqh As-Siroh an-Nabawiyyah. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Mu’ashir, 1991.
Al-Jazāirī, Abū Bakar Jābir. Aysaru At-Tafāsīr Li Kalām Al-Alī Al-Kabīr. Jeddah: Racem, 1990.
Al-Mubarokfuri, Sofiyyu ar-Rahman. Al-Misbāh Al-Munīr Fi Tahdzīb Tafsir Ibnu Katsīr. Riyād: Dār as-Salām, 2000.
Al-Qurthūbī, Abu Abdullah Syamsuddīn. Al-Jāmi Li Ahkām Al-Qurān. Kairo: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Mishriyyah, 1964.
Albro, Robert, and Evan Berry. Church, Cosmovision and the Environment: Religion and Social Conflict in Contemporary Latin America. Church, Cosmovision and the Environment: Religion and Social Conflict in Contemporary Latin America, 2018.
Ath-Thabari, Ibnu Jarir. “At-Tafsīr Ath-Thabarī: Jāmi’ Al-Bayān ’An Ta’wīl Al-Qurān.” Lebanon Beirut: Muassasah Ar-Risalah, 1994.
Ayuningtias, Dwi Sari, Mohammed Ali Berawi, Gunawan Sarojin, and Mustika Sari. “A Qualitative Review on the Strategies to Reduce the Buildings’ Carbon Emissions.” In E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 517, 2024.
Az-Zuhailī, Wahbah bin Musthafā. At-Tafsīr Al-Munīr Fī Al-Aqīdah Wa As-Syarī’ah Wa Al-Manhaj. Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Mu’ashir, 1997.
Basta, Nick. “There’s No Escaping Greenhouse Gas Control.” Chemical Processing 67, no. 10 (2004): 66.
Bensaid, Benaouda. “An Overview of Muslim Spiritual Eco-Education.” Journal of Dharma 48, no. 4 (2023): 465 – 494.
Bryce, Tom G K, and Stephen P Day. “Scepticism and Doubt in Science and Science Education: The Complexity of Global Warming as a Socio-Scientific Issue.” Cultural Studies of Science Education 9, no. 3 (2014): 599 – 632.
Candela, Andrea. “Climate Sciences and Scientific Method between Science Communication and Sociology of Knowledge; [Scienze Del Clima e Metodo Scientifico Tra Comunicazione Della Scienza e Sociologia Della Conoscenza].” Epistemologia 33, no. 2 (2010): 235 – 256.
Chalghaf, Bilel, Jomâa Chemkhi, Benjamin Mayala, Myriam Harrabi, Goze Bertin Benie, Edwin Michael, and Afif Ben Salah. “Ecological Niche Modeling Predicting the Potential Distribution of Leishmania Vectors in the Mediterranean Basin: Impact of Climate Change.” Parasites and Vectors 11, no. 1 (2018).
Claussen, Eileen, Vicki Arroyo Cochran, and Debra P Davis. Climate Change: Science, Strategies, and Solutions: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Climate Change: Science, Strategies, and Solutions: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2022.
Djalante, Riyanti, Frank Thomalla, Muhammad Sabaruddin Sinapoy, and Michelle Carnegie. “Building Resilience to Natural Hazards in Indonesia: Progress and Challenges in Implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action.” Natural Hazards 62, no. 3 (2012): 779 – 803.
Dlamini, Zodwa, Rodney Hull, Ravi Mehrotra, Richard Khanyile, and Thulo Molefi. Way Forward for Society 5.0 and Next-Generation Healthcare. Society 5.0 and Next Generation Healthcare: Patient-Focused and Technology-Assisted Precision Therapies, 2023.
Economides, Michael J. “Icing on the Top of Warming Furore.” Offshore Engineer 33, no. 5 (2008): 90.
Faiz, Abd. Karim. “Fiqh Moderation on Qibla Direction Determination: Flexible Accuracy; [Moderasi Fiqh Pada Penentuan Arah Kiblat: Akurasi Yang Fleksibel].” Journal of Islamic Law 1, no. 1 (2020): 83 – 99.
Fayette, R. “A Systematic Literature Review of Qualitative Research Methods for Eliciting the Views of Young People with ASD about Their Educational Experiences.” European Journal of Special Needs Education 33, no. 3 (2018): 349–365.
Füssel, Hans-Martin. “An Updated Assessment of the Risks from Climate Change Based on Research Published since the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.” Climatic Change 97, no. 3 (2009): 469 – 482.
Garnaut, Ross. “Climate Change and Indonesia: In Honour of Panglaykim.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 45, no. 1 (2009): 107 – 116.
Gasior, Katrin, Gemma Wright, Helen Barnes, and Michael Noble. “Adaptive Social Protection in Indonesia: Stress-Testing the Effect of a Natural Disaster on Poverty and Vulnerability.” Social Policy and Administration 58, no. 3 (2024): 505 – 520.
Handayani, K, and T Filatova. “Greening Energy Supply in the Light of SDGs and Covid-19.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 753, 2021.
Hao, Yuanyuan. “Effect of Economic Indicators, Renewable Energy Consumption and Human Development on Climate Change: An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data of Selected Countries.” Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (2022).
Ho, Joshua H. The Arctic Meltdown and Its Implication for Ports and Shipping in Asia. Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change, 2011.
Houghton, John. “Global Warming.” Reports on Progress in Physics 68, no. 6 (2005): 1343 – 1403.
Hughes, J Donald. “Climate Change: A History of Environmental Knowledge.” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 21, no. 3 (2010): 75 – 80.
Iqbal, Amna, and Stephan Olariu. “A Survey of Enabling Technologies for Smart Communities.” Smart Cities 4, no. 1 (2021): 54 – 77.
Ishiwatari, Mikio, Firdaus Ali, Guillermo Q Tabios, Joo-Heon Lee, and Hirotaka Matsuki. “Building Quality-Oriented Societies in Asia Through Effective Water-Related Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation.” Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 8 (2023): 877 – 883.
Jum’ah, Ali. Al-Bi’ah Wa Al-Hifāz ’Alayhā Min Mandhūr Al-Islāmī. Cairo: Al-Wabil Ash-Shayyib, 2009.
Jum’ah, Alī. Al-Bīatu Wa Al-Hifādz ‘Alaihā Min Mandzūrī Al-Islāmī. Kairo: Syirkah Al-Wabil Ash-Shayyib, 2009.
Khandekar, M L, T S Murty, and P Chittibabu. “The Global Warming Debate: A Review of the State of Science.” Pure and Applied Geophysics 162, no. 8–9 (2005): 1557 – 1586.
Koehrsen, Jens. “Muslims and Climate Change: How Islam, Muslim Organizations, and Religious Leaders Influence Climate Change Perceptions and Mitigation Activities.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 12, no. 3 (2021).
Koehrsen, Jens, Julia Blanc, and Fabian Huber. Religious Environmental Activism: Emerging Conflicts and Tensions in Earth Stewardship. Religious Environmental Activism: Emerging Conflicts and Tensions in Earth Stewardship, 2022.
Kosasih, Engkos, Mohammad Rindu Fajar Islamy, and Rizzaldy Satria Wiwaha. “Artificial Intelligence in the Era of Society 5.0: Compromising Technological Innovation Through the Wasathiyyah Approach within the Framework of Islamic Law.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (2024): 519 – 540.
Maina, Newton Kahumbi. “Crop Diseases, Pests and Food Insecurity in Africa: An Islamic Perspective.” Sustainable Development Goals Series Part F2819 (2024): 167 – 179.
Mesarović, Miodrag M. “Global Warming and Other Climate Change Phenomena on the Geological Time Scale.” Thermal Science 23 (2019): S1435 – S1455.
Mrozowska, Sylwia, and Marcin Hintz. “Religion and Climate Policy in the European Union.” European Journal of Science and Theology 16, no. 5 (2020): 143 – 156.
Mukherjee, Anirban, Shantanu Rakshit, Arindam Nag, Mrinmoy Ray, H L Kharbikar, Kumari Shubha, Sujit Sarkar, et al. Climate Change Risk Perception, Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy: An Extension Outlook in Mountain Himalaya. Conservation Agriculture: An Approach to Combat Climate Change in Indian Himalaya, 2016.
Musa, Umar Adam, Zainal Abidin bin Sanusi, and Hassan bin Suleiman. “Causes of Climate Change: A Neglected Dimension.” Intellectual Discourse 32, no. 1 (2024): 265 – 290.
Nhat, Le Minh, and Dang Quang Thinh. Linkages between Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in the Context of Increasing Climate Change-Induced Loss and Damage in Vietnam. Linking Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Loss & Damage, 2024.
Nurhayati, Siti Hawa Lubis, Mohammad Rindu Fajar Islamy, and Achmad Faqihuddin. “Exploring Online Preschool Programs in Children ’ s Academic Preparation for Elementary School : A Case Study in Indonesia Exploring Online Preschool Programs in Children ’ s Academic Preparation for Elementary School : A Case Study in Indonesia.” Cogent Education 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2433818.
Oktari, Rina Suryani, Febi Dwirahmadi, Connie Cai Ru Gan, Kristin Darundiyah, Pratomo Cahyo Nugroho, Arif Wibowo, and Cordia Chu. “Indonesia’s Climate-Related Disasters and Health Adaptation Policy in the Build-Up to COP26 and Beyond.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 14, no. 2 (2022).
Pachauri, R K. “Climate Change.” New Scientist 187, no. 2517 (2005): 39.
Parhan, Muhamad., Syahidin., Somad, Momod Abdul., Abdulah, Mulyana., & Nugraha, Risris Hari. "Developing a contextual learning model in Islamic education to improve applicable knowledge and foster knowledge-based virtues". Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10 no 1 (2024): 75-86.
Ponin, Vencatesen. Religion and the Environment: An Exploration of the Connections among the Hindu and Christian Community in the Republic of Mauritius. Sustainability and the Humanities, 2018.
Rahmawati, Nikmah. “Kenakalan Remaja Dan Kedisiplinan: Perspektif Psikologi Dan Islam.” Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 11, no. 2 (2017): 267.
Ridhā, Muhammad Rashid. Tafsīr Al-Manār. Al-Haiah Al-Mishriyyah Al-Ammah Lil Kitab, 1990.
Roblek, Vasja, Maja Meško, and Iztok Podbregar. “Mapping of the Emergence of Society 5.0: A Bibliometric Analysis.” Organizacija 54, no. 4 (2021): 293 – 305.
Santos, Dri, and Asnawan. “Reviewing The Concept Of Fiqh Al-Bi’ah In Law Enforcement Against Ecocide Performers In Indonesia.” Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo Atual 4, no. 42 (2023): 310 – 327.
Schaefer, Jame. “Motivated for Action and Collaboration: The Abrahamic Religions and Climate Change.” Geosciences (Switzerland) 6, no. 3 (2016).
Simarmata, D P, and D R Indrawati. “Using Local Wisdom for Climate Change Mitigation.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1109, 2022.
Stoica-Fuchs, Beniamin. “Assessing the Vulnerability of Transport Network to Flood Hazard Using GIS Analysis. Case Study along Orient-East Med TEN-T Corridor, on Timiș-Cerna Valley, Romania.” Present Environment and Sustainable Development 15, no. 2 (2021): 145 – 160.
Suwarjin. “Achieving Religious Harmony through Fiqh Wasatiyah.” Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice 19, no. 2 (2023): 145 – 161.
Taylor, Bron. “Religion to the Rescue (?) In an Age of Climate Disruption.” Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 9, no. 1 (2015): 7 – 18.
Thanthawi, Muhammad Sayyid. “At-Tafsir Al-Wasith Lil Quran Al-Karim.” Maidan Ahmad: As-Sa’adah, 1987.
Torabi, Maryamossadat, and Seyed Masoud Noori. “Religious Leaders and the Environmental Crisis Using Knowledge and Social Influence to Counteract Climate Change.” Ecumenical Review 71, no. 3 (2019): 344 – 355.
Weart, Spencer. “Global Warming: How Skepticism Became Denial.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 67, no. 1 (2011): 41 – 50.
Widiati, I R, and Irianto. “Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change on among Stakeholder for Sustainability: Evaluation a Regional Multistakeholder for an Approach of the Role of Disaster Risk Management.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 235, 2019.
Wolf, Jakob, and Mickey Gjerris. “A Religious Perspective on Climate Change.” Studia Theologica - Nordic Journal of Theology 63, no. 2 (2009): 119 – 139.
Xu, Wenhuan, Jeanine M Rhemtulla, Dawei Luo, and Tongli Wang. “Common Drivers Shaping Niche Distribution and Climate Change Responses of One Hundred Tree Species.” Journal of Environmental Management 370 (2024).
Yakovlev, Valeriy A, and Gavril A Belyaev. “Global Climate Change, Its Consequences and Ways to Solve the Problem.” In E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 390, 2023.
Published
2025-12-16
How to Cite
Islamy, M., Suprima, S., Hermawan, W., Budiyanti, N., Parhan, M., & Logayah, D. (2025). The Role of Islamic Law in Addressing Global Warming: Perspectives from Indonesia and Global Contexts. Mazahib, 24(2), 358-386. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v24i2.11314
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Rindu Fajar Islamy, Suprima Suprima, Wawan Hermawan; Nurti Budiyanti, Muhamad Parhan; Dina Siti Logayah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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