The Filter Bubble: Consumption Gen Z of Da’wah Content on YouTube
Keywords:
Da’wah Consumption, Filter Bubble, Homophily, Social Media
Abstract
Indonesia, as a multi-religious country with the largest number of Muslims in the world, is a country that adheres to a democratic system of government by always holding elections. However, issues and hoaxes about religion in election contestation are often raised as topics in political campaigns, especially through social media, which have the potential to trigger conflict. At the same time, the penetration of social media use by Gen Z as novice voters can be said to be relatively high. Today, the popularity of social media YouTube for Gen Z is a priority reference for accessing information related to religion. Ironically, this phenomenon indicates the existence of a filter bubble that limits the opportunities for Gen Z's exploration of religious issues.
This picture encourages researchers to find out the existence of a bubble filter of da'wah content on social media consumption—YouTube on Gen Z. Using new media, bubble filters, and da'wah content as a theoretical framework, this research uses a case study research method involving 3 informants who are Gen Z with their respective religious interests and preferences.
The findings of this study reveal that the existence of bubble filters as consumption of YouTube da'wah content on Gen Z is real. Gen Z has consumed da'wah content through YouTube for an average of 1-3 hours per day so that the content history appears homogeneous (homophily). YouTube as a crucial platform for users to enhance their religious awareness has been considered an important means for users to increase faith, expand knowledge, and gain inspiration, especially through da'wah content such as short studies, Prophet stories, and short lectures. However, the filter bubble phenomenon makes users only exposed to content that matches the interests and views of social media users, thus reducing the diversity of information received. Moreover, the bubble filter can narrow perspectives and create an isolated community, where users only interact with people who share similar views, limiting opportunities for dialogue with dissenting views.
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Wulandari, V., Rullyana, G., & Ardiansah, A. (2021). Pengaruh algoritma filter bubble dan echo chamber terhadap perilaku penggunaan internet. Berkala Ilmu Perpustakaan Dan Informasi, 17(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/bip.v17i1.423
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. SAGE.
Zulhazmi, A. Z., & Hastuti, D. A. S. (2018). DA’WA, MUSLIM MILLENNIALS AND SOCIAL MEDIA. Lentera: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah Dan Komunikasi. https://doi.org/10.21093/lentera.v2i2.1235
Alzubi, A. (2023). The Evolving Relationship between Digital and Conventional Media: A Study of Media Consumption Habits in the Digital Era. 4, 1–13.
Annur, C. M. (2022). Survei: Pecandu Internet Terbanyak dari Kalangan Gen Z | Databoks. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/teknologi-telekomunikasi/statistik/b13d6f8da635b3b/survei-pecandu-internet-terbanyak-dari-kalangan-gen-z
Berg, P. van den, Paxton, S. J., Keery, H., Wall, M., Guo, J., & Sztainer, D. N. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and body comparison with media images in males and females. Body Image, 4(3), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.04.003
Budiman, K. (2002). Di Depan Kotak Ajaib: Menonton televisi sebagai praktik konsumsi (Yogyakarta). Galang Press. //catalogue.dance library.net%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dshow_detail%26id%3D2577%26keywords%3D
Debora, Y. (2016, November 16). Kronologi Kasus Dugaan Penistaan Agama. tirto.id. https://tirto.id/kronologi-kasus-dugaan-penistaan-agama-b457
Ekström, A. G., Madison, G., Olsson, E. J., & Tsapos, M. (2024). The search query filter bubble: Effect of user ideology on political leaning of search results through query selection. Information, Communication & Society, 27(5), 878–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2230242
Ekström, A. G., Niehorster, D. C., & Olsson, E. J. (2022). Self-imposed filter bubbles: Selective attention and exposure in online search. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 7, 100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100226
Fauziah, S. (2020). Pengaruh Intensitas Menonton Youtube Audio Dakwah Ustad Adi Hidayat Terhadap Kesadaran Bahaya Zina Pada Siswa/i SMK Averus Jakarta Selatan [bachelorThesis, Fakultas Ilmu Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta]. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/54154
Geschke, D., Lorenz, J., & Holtz, P. (2019). The triple-filter bubble: Using agent-based modelling to test a meta-theoretical framework for the emergence of filter bubbles and echo chambers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(1), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12286
Haim, M., Graefe, A., & Brosius, H.-B. (2018). Burst of the Filter Bubble?: Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google News. Digital Journalism, 6(3), 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1338145
Harianto, P.-. (2018). Radikalisme Islam dalam Media Sosial (Konteks; Channel Youtube). Jurnal Sosiologi Agama, 12(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2018.122-07
Hidayah, A. R. (2019). Persecution Act as Filter Bubble Effect: Digital Society and The Shift of Public Sphere. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 22(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.33244
Indriani, S. S., Prasanti, D., & Permana, R. S. M. (2020). Analysis of The Filter Bubble Phenomenon in The Use of Online Media for Millennial Generation (An Ethnography Virtual Study about The Filter Bubble Phenomenon). Nyimak: Journal of Communication, 4(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.31000/nyimak.v4i2.2538
Jaya, I. M. L. M. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif: Teori, Penerapan, dan Riset Nyata. Anak Hebat Indonesia.
Kitchens, B., Johnson, S. L., & Gray, P. (2020). Understanding echo chambers and filter bubbles: The impact of social media on diversification and partisan shifts in news consumption. MIS Quarterly, 44(4).
Kriyantono, R. (2014). Teknik Praktis Riset komunikasi. Prenada Media.
Kusnandar, V. B. (2022). Sebanyak 86,93% Penduduk Indonesia Beragama Islam pada 31 Desember 2021 | Databoks. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/demografi/statistik/e158869f40c2acf/sebanyak-8693-penduduk-indonesia-beragama-islam-pada-31-desember-2021
Levine, J. M., & Hogg, M. A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. SAGE Publications.
Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2010). Theories of Human Communication: Tenth Edition. Waveland Press.
Liu, N., Baum, M. A., Berinsky, A. J., Chaney, A. J., de Benedictis-Kessner, J., Guess, A., Knox, D., Lucas, C., Mariman, R., & Stewart, B. M. (2023). Algorithmic recommendations have limited effects on polarization: A naturalistic experiment on YouTube.”. September, 18, 398–404.
Lubis, B., & Mulianingsih, S. (2019). KETERKAITAN BONUS DEMOGRAFI DENGAN TEORI GENERASI. Jurnal Registratie, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.33701/jurnalregistratie.v1i1.830
Mia, S. (2024). Media Sosial: Algoritma dan Filter Bubble dalam Mengubah Persepsi Publik. kumparan. https://kumparan.com/sarmiati-mia/media-sosial-algoritma-dan-filter-bubble-dalam-mengubah-persepsi-publik-235wEptVxgi
Mustikaningtyas, D. (2018). STUDI FENOMENOLOGI MENGENAI KONSUMSI PESAN AUDIENS INSTAGRAM DARI HASIL FILTER BUBBLE MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM [Other, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta]. http://eprints.upnyk.ac.id/16350/
Namira, I. (2020). 7 Fakta “Ngeri” Filter Bubble, Gelembung Virtual Penyaring Informasi. IDN Times. https://www.idntimes.com/tech/trend/izza-namira-1/fakta-filter-bubble
Paramita, S., Loisa, R., & Setyanto, Y. (2019). Filter Gelembung, Ruang Bergema, dan Personaliasi Algoritma.
Pariser, E. (2011a). Eli Pariser: Beware online “filter bubbles” | TED Talk. https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles
Pariser, E. (2011b). The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You. Penguin UK.
Pujileksono, S. (2015). Metode Penelitian Komunikasi Kualitatif. Kelompok Intrans Publishing. https://repository.telkomuniversity.ac.id/home/catalog/id/101248/slug/metode-penelitian-komunikasi-kualitatif.html
Rakhmawati, I. (2016). Perkembangan Media Sebagai Sarana Dakwah. https://doi.org/10.21043/at-tabsyir.v4i1.2906
Ramli, A. M. (2022, November 4). Filter Bubble, Echo Chamber, dan Ruang Digital Sehat Keluarga Halaman all. KOMPAS.com. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/11/04/135403465/filter-bubble-echo-chamber-dan-ruang-digital-sehat-keluarga
Resnick, P., Garrett, R. K., Kriplean, T., Munson, S. A., & Stroud, N. J. (2013). Bursting your (filter) bubble: Strategies for promoting diverse exposure. Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion, 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441955.2441981
Riana, F., & Widiastuti, R. (2019). Prabowo: Saya Dituduh Dukung Khilafah, Jokowi: Saya Dituduh PKI - Nasional Tempo.co. https://nasional.tempo.co/amp/1190844/prabowo-saya-dituduh-dukung-khilafah-jokowi-saya-dituduh-pki
Riyanto, A. D. (2022). Hootsuite (We are Social): Indonesian Digital Report 2022. https://andi.link/hootsuite-we-are-social-indonesian-digital-report-2022/
Shah, D., Webster, E., & Kour, G. (2023). Consuming for content? Understanding social media-centric consumption. Journal of Business Research, 155, 113408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113408
Suhartini, E. (2021). Pengaruh Akun Dakwah Youtube Terhadap Sikap Religiusitas Remaja di Link Luwung Sawo Citangkil. Adz-Zikr : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 6(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.55307/adzzikr.v6i2.108
Suteja, J. (2020). PENDIDIKAN TINGGI DI ERA GENERASI Z.
Triatmojo, D., & Suhendi, A. (2022). MUI: Tantangan Dakwah di Era Medsos Tak Seringan yang Dibayangkan—TribunNews.com. https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2022/04/21/mui-tantangan-dakwah-di-era-medsos-tak-seringan-yang-dibayangkan
Wahdiansyah, W., & Zidny, M. H. (2024). Social Interaction Dynamics in the Digital Era: A Case Study of Online Social Networks. Lentera: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.21093/lentera.v8i1.8316
Wulandari, V., Rullyana, G., & Ardiansah, A. (2021). Pengaruh algoritma filter bubble dan echo chamber terhadap perilaku penggunaan internet. Berkala Ilmu Perpustakaan Dan Informasi, 17(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/bip.v17i1.423
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. SAGE.
Zulhazmi, A. Z., & Hastuti, D. A. S. (2018). DA’WA, MUSLIM MILLENNIALS AND SOCIAL MEDIA. Lentera: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah Dan Komunikasi. https://doi.org/10.21093/lentera.v2i2.1235
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