Between ‘Āriyah and Gaṣb: Legal Ambiguity in The Unauthorised Use of Property in Islamic and Positive Law
Abstract
The widespread practice of using others’ property without explicit permission in communal settings raises a significant legal ambiguity regarding its classification between ‘āriyah (gratuitous loan) and gaṣb (unlawful appropriation). This ambiguity becomes critical as such practices are socially normalized, yet potentially generate disputes over rights, liability, and ownership. This study aims to analyse the legal status of unauthorised use of property by clarifying the boundary between ‘āriyah and gaṣb, and examining its implications within Islamic law and positive law. This research employs a qualitative normative-analytical approach, drawing on doctrinal analysis and observation of everyday practices in public and semi-public environments. The findings demonstrate that the absence of explicit consent shifts the legal character of use from permissible ‘āriyah toward gaṣb, thereby triggering liability (ḍamān) under Islamic law. In contrast, positive law tends to frame such conduct within the scope of unlawful acts or, under certain conditions, elements of theft. The study’s contribution lies in clarifying the often-overlooked boundary between socially tolerated practices and legally prohibited acts, highlighting a gap between normative legal principles and lived practices. This gap underscores the need for clearer consent-based norms, institutional regulation of shared property, and legal awareness to prevent disputes and ensure accountability.
References
‘Ābidīn, Muhammad Amīn ibn. 2008. Radd Al-Muḥtār ‘alā Al-Durr Al-Mukhtār. Juz 4. Beirūt: Dār al-Fikr.
Abū Zahrah, Muḥammad. 1962. Al-Milkiyyah Wa Naẓariyyat Al-’Aqd Fī Asy-Syarī’ah Al-Islāmiyyah. Al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Fikr al-’Arabī.
Akuntansi, Jurnal. 2012. “Virginia Nur Rahmanti” 13 (2): 161–79.
Al-Ḥasan, Khalīfah Bābakar. 2000. Falsafah Maqāṣid At-Tasyrī’ Fī Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī. Al-Qāhirah: Maktabah Wahbah.
Al-Islāmiyyah, Wizārat al-Awqāf wa al-Syu’ūn. 2012. Al-Mawsū‘ah Al-Fiqhiyyah. Juz 5. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa al-Syu’ūn al-Islāmiyyah.
Al-Kāf, ‘Umar, Aḥmad Al-Kāf, and Muḥammad ibn Muḥsin Al-‘Aṭṭās. 2019. Naf’ Al-Asyqā’ Syarḥ Mu’āmalāt Abī Syujā’. Tarīm: Maktabah Tarīm al-Ḥadīṡah.
Al-Kāsānī, Alā’uddīn. 1996. Badā’i’ Aṣ-Ṣanā’i’ Fī Tartīb Asy-Syarā’i’. Juz 5. Beirūt: Dār al-Fikr.
Al-Qarāfī, Syihāb al-Dīn. 1998. Anwār Al-Burūq Fī Anwā’ Al-Furūq. Juz 3. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Qazwīnī, Al-Rāfi‘ī. 2025. Asy-Syarḥ Al-Ṣagīr. Juz 3. Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj.
Al-Syarkhasi, Al-Syamsuddin. 1993. Kitab Al-Mabsuth. Juz 11. Beirūt: Darul Kitab Amaliyah.
Az-Zuhaili, Wahbah. 2006. Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī Wa Adillatuh. Juz 5. Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr al-Mu‘āṣir.
Azelchie Caroline, Lisnawaty W. Badu, and Nuvazria Achir. 2024. “Faktor Penyebab Dan Upaya Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Penggelapan Kepemilikan Hak Atas Tanah.” Amandemen: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Politik Dan Hukum Indonesia 1 (3): 44–53. https://doi.org/10.62383/amandemen.v1i3.245.
Ernawati, and Erwan Baharudin. 2018. “Peningkatan Kesadaran Santri Terhadap Perilaku Ghasab Dan Pemaknaannya Dalam Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Positif.” Jurnal Abdimas 4 (2): 205–10. https://ejurnal.esaunggul.ac.id.
Fikrī, Alī. 1938. Al-Mu‘āmalāt Al-Māddiyyah Wa Al-Adabiyyah. Juz II. Miṣr: Mushthafā al-Bābī al-Halabī.
Handoko, Riki, and Dhiauddin Tanjung. 2023. “Tinjauan Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam Meminjam Barang Pada Wilayah Publik Tanpa Akad Sharih.” Alauddin Law Development Journal 5 (1): 126–34. https://doi.org/10.24252/aldev.v5i1.35024.
Harahap, Yahya. 1986. Segi-Segi Hukum Perjanjian. Cet. Ke-2. Bandung: Alumni.
Jamhir, Jamhir, and Mustika Alhamra. 2019. “TINDAK PIDANA PENGGELAPAN DALAM HUKUM POSITIF DITINJAU MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM.” LEGITIMASI: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Dan Politik Islam 8. https://doi.org/10.22373/legitimasi.v8i1.5013.
Kūksāl, Ismā’īl. 2000. Tagayyur Al-Aḥkām Fī Asy-Syarī’ah Al-Islāmiyyah. Beirūt: Mu’assasah ar-Risālah.
Kurniawan, Adi. 2020. “Akibat Hukum Bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penggelapan Uang Hasil Obat-Obat Hewan.” Journal GEEJ 7 (2): 125–35.
Latri, Akhdan Adityo, Niko Rafael Ramadhan, Gabriel Dorinda S, Yovani Yolanda, Putri Ginting, Nanda Putri, Andana Kusuma, and Yuliana Yuli. 2024. “Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Tindakan Merusak Barang Orang Lain Tanpa Sengaja.” Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) 2 (3): 150–58. https://ojs.daarulhuda.or.id/index.php/MHI/article/view/454.
Razzaq Bulatanias, Muhammad Nuralim. 2023. “Dinamika Perilaku Ghasab Di Pesantren.” Jurnal Al-Nadhair 2 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.61433/alnadhair.v2i1.21.
Rusyd, Ibn. 1971. Bidāyat Al-Mujtahid Wa Nihāyat Al-Muqtaṣid. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Saputra, Fahri Ali, Fakultas Hukum, and Universitas Udayana. n.d. “Pengaturan Pinjam Pakai Melalui Perantara Dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata” 12 (5): 537–46.
Saputra, Julfan, Sri Sudiarti, and Asmaul Husna. 2021. “Konsep Al- Al-Hibah, Al-Qardh.” Ekonomi Islam 2 (1): 19–34.
Setiawan, I Ketut Oki. 2015. Hukum Perikatan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Sitepu, Novi. 2015. “AL-ARIYAH, AL-QARDH DAN AL-HIBAH.” Studia Economica : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 1:128. https://doi.org/10.30821/se.v1i2.243.
Suarni, Suarni. 2023. “Muamalah Dalam Islam: Memahami Konsep ’Ariyah Dan Aplikasinya.” SINTHOP: Media Kajian Pendidikan, Agama, Sosial Dan Budaya 2 (2): 135–45. https://doi.org/10.22373/sinthop.v2i2.4074.
Subekti. 2014. Aneka Perjanjian. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.
Syafe’i, Rachmat. 2001. Fiqih Muamalah. Bandung: Pustaka Setia.
Syahrir, Mohammad Ihya, and Afif Muamar. 2023. “PENANGANAN TINDAK PIDANA PENGGELAPAN DI KEJAKSAAN NEGERI KOTA CIREBON DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM POSITIF DAN HUKUM ISLAM.” IAIN Ambon Vol 19, No.
Syubayr, Muḥammad ’Uṡmān. 2009. Al-Madkhal Ilā Fiqh Al-Mu’āmalāt Al-Māliyyah. Al-Urdun: Dār an-Nafā’is.
Yuska, Yuska, Hernisawati Hernisawati, and M Sayyidul Abrori. 2024. “Journal of Contemporary Islamic Education (Journal CIE) Https://Journal.Iaimnumetrolampung.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Cie Kajian Fenomenologi Ghasab Santri Di Pondok Pesantren Sunan Kudus Mengandung Sari Kabupaten Lampung Timur.” Journal of Contemporary Islamic Education 4 (2): 260–79. https://doi.org/10.25217/jcie.v3i1.4544.
