Communal Conflicts in West Kalimantan: The Urgency of Multicultural Education
Keywords:
communal conflicts, multicultural education, stereotyping
Abstract
Communal conflicts between ethnic groups in West Kalimantan still leave a post-conflict residue which is problematic to this day. For example, in Sambas, although at present it can be said that the relationship between ethnic Sambas Melayu and Madurese outside Sambas seems to be subsiding, the research findings showed that it is not the real fact in Sambas. Even in the community, there is still a stigma about Sambas as an unsafe area for the Madurese ethnicity. This social fact shows that the efforts of a dialogue forum to reconcile the two ethnicities only succeeded in resolving conflicts on the surface, but it failed to resolve the core of the conflict, namely stereotyping. Although it is not as complicated as in Sambas, inter-ethnic stereotypes are also a problem for two other post-conflict areas, namely Sanggau Ledo and Pontianak. Because education is considered to have a strategic role in building multicultural awareness and correcting stereotypes, in this context, multicultural education is considered relevant to be developed in schools in West Kalimantan. It is the focus of this study. This study is the result of qualitative research, whose data is obtained by the authors from observations, interviews, and documentation. The informants in this study were people in post-conflict areas in West Kalimantan, namely in Sanggau Ledo, Sambas, and Pontianak with ethnic backgrounds of Malay, Dayak, and Madura. In this study, the authors used an interactive data analysis method which included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion/verification proposed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña.
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Arifin, Z. (1970). Pendidikan multikultural-religius untuk mewujudkan karakter peserta didik yang humanis-religius. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2011.11.89-103
Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. M. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bertrand, J. (2004). Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P. M., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The role of theories in the formation of stereotype content. In C. McGarty, V. Yzerby, & R. Spears (Eds.), Stereotypes as explanations: The formation of meaningful beliefs about social groups. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bush, KD., & Saltarelli, D. (2000). The Two Faces of Education in Ethnic Conflict: Towards A Peacebuilding Education for Children. Florence; Italia: UNICEF.
Cahyono, H., Tryatmoko, M. W., Adam, A. W., & Satriani, S. (Eds.). (2008). Konflik Kalbar dan Kalteng: Jalan panjang meretas perdamaian (Cet. 1). Jakarta, Indonesia : Yogyakarta: P2P-LIPI ; Pustaka Pelajar.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
De Jonge, H., & Nooteboom, G. (2006). Why the Madurese? Ethnic Conflicts in West and East Kalimantan Compared. Asian Journal of Social Science, 34(3), 456–474. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853106778048597
Haryanto, I. (Ed.). (1998). Melangkah dari reruntuhan tragedi Situbondo. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.
Kapuscinski, R. (2008). The Other. London: Verso.
Kivimäki, T. A. (2012). What Generates, Constitutes, and Causes Opportunity-driven Violence? The Case of West Kalimantan. Asian Journal of Political Science, 20(3), 284–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2012.748971
Klinken, G. van. (2007). Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia; Small Town Wars. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Klinken, G. van. (2008). Blood, timber, and the state in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 49(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2008.00359.x
Kurniawan, S. (2013). Pendidikan Karakter: Konsepsi & Implementasi Secara Terpadu di Lingkungan Keluarga, Sekolah, Perguruan Tinggi, dan Masyarakat. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media.
Kurniawan, S. (2017). Pendidikan Karakter di Sekolah; Revitalisasi Peran Sekolah dalam Menyiapkan Generasi Bangsa Berkarakter. Yogyakarta: Samudra Biru.
Littlejohn, W. S., & Foss, A. K. (2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Locke, J. (2007). An essay concerning human understanding. USA: Pomona Press.
Mahfud, C. (2008). Pendidikan Multikultural. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Marhayani, D. A., Kariadi, D., & Yanti, L. (2017). Multicultural-based education as an effort of conflict prevention for cidayuma society in Singkawang. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 50(1), 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v50i1.10090
Mead, G. H. (2018). Mind, Self & Society; Pikiran, Diri, dan Masyarakat (William Saputra, Trans.). Yogyakarta: Forum.
Mercer, J. R. (1989). Alternative Paradigms for Assessment in a Pluralistic Society. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Multicultural Education’ Issues and Perspectives. Boston; London: Allyn & Bacon Press.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (Third edition). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Nakaya, A. (2018). Overcoming Ethnic Conflict through Multicultural Education: The Case of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 20(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v20i1.1549
Ngardi, V. (2019). Multiculturalism Ideas in Local Materials of SMP/MTs in West Kalimantan. Handep: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Budaya, 1(2), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.33652/handep.v1i2.16
Nordholt, H. S., & Klinken, G. van. (2014). Politik Identitas Etnis di Kalimantan Barat; in Politik Lokal di Indonesia. Jakarta: Buku Obor bekerjasama dengan KITLV-Jakarta.
Patebang, E., & Sutrisno, E. (2000). Konflik Etnis di Sambas. Jakarta: Institut Studi Arus Informasi.
Prawitasari, M. (2018). Responding Racial Discrimination in Indonesia Through Multicultural Education. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences Education - “Multicultural Transformation in Education, Social Sciences and Wetland Environment” (ICSSE 2017). Presented at the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences Education - “Multicultural Transformation in Education, Social Sciences and Wetland Environment” (ICSSE 2017), Banjarmasin, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsse-17.2018.47
Purdey, J. (2006). Anti-Chinese violence in Indonesia, 1996-1999. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press in association with Asian Studies Association of Australia.
Saad, M. M. (2003). Sejarah Konflik Antar Suku di Kabupaten Sambas. Pontianak: Kalimantan Persada Press.
Samovar, A. L., Porter, E. R., & Daniel, R. E. Mc. (2010). Communication Between Culture. Boston; London: Wadsworth.
Sihbudi, M. R., Nurhasim, M., & Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Eds.). (2001). Kerusuhan sosial di Indonesia: Studi kasus Kupang, Mataram, dan Sambas. Jakarta: Grasindo.
Spears, R. (2004). Four degrees of stereotype formation: Differentiation by any means necessary. In C. McGarty, V. Yzerby, & R. Spears (Eds.), Craig McGarty, Vincent Yzerby, and Russell Spears (eds.), Stereotypes as explanations: The formation of meaningful beliefs about social groups. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tanasaldy, T. (2009). Ethnic geography in conflicts: The case of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 43(2), 105–130.
Tilaar, H. (2004). Multikulturalisme: Tantangan-Tantangan Global Masa Depan dalam Transformasi Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta: Grasindo.
Wibowo, A. (2012). Pendidikan karakter: Strategi membangun karakter bangsa berperadaban (Cet. 1). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
World Bank. (2005). Reshaping the Future: Education and Postconflict Reconstruction. Washington DC: World Bank.
Published
2021-06-19
How to Cite
Kurniawan, S., & Miftah, M. (2021). Communal Conflicts in West Kalimantan: The Urgency of Multicultural Education. Dinamika Ilmu, 21(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v21i1.2934
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