Examining Teaching Materials in Higher Education Against Religious Intolerance and Pluralism in the Global Era: Islamic Perspective
Keywords:
Intolerance, Pluralism, Teaching materials
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the role of the study of teaching materials in universities on religious intolerance and pluralism. The study also explores the Islamic perspective on these two dimensions. The location of the research was carried out at the IAIN Parepare of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The source of research data is secondary data obtained from document review of teaching materials in the Aqidah Akhlak (moral theology) course as well as literature relevant to the research topic. The literature study research methodology guided by content analysis focuses on three topics, namely teaching materials, religious intolerance, and pluralism in the view of Islam. The study revealed two findings. First, the results of a study of the components or the appropriateness of the contents of the items of teaching materials in accordance with the values of tolerance as contained in Pancasila and Bhineka Tunggal Ika. Thus, these teaching materials contribute to preventing religious intolerance and provide a new perspective on pluralism. Second, in the view of Islam, it is known that religious intolerance can be avoided by tasamuh, namely by instilling a commendable moral attitude. While pluralism there are two opposing schools between those who accept and reject. In the Qur'an, there is an explanation of pluralism as a necessity, human diversity in togetherness. The conclusion is that the study of teaching materials contributes to supporting tasamuh behavior and avoiding negative views about pluralism. Pluralism is not recommended, namely religious pluralism which is feared to have a negative impact on aqidah. With the study of teaching materials, negative possibilities can be minimized as long as they are in accordance with practice. Because after all, the values of pluralism are also able to foster mutual respect and appreciation between fellow human beings so that they can support the development of student morality. The expected implication is that universities must supervise and provide input on teaching materials that have the potential for the concepts of tolerance and pluralism. The government needs to support the socialization of the true importance of tolerance and pluralism in the campus environment.
References
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Mahfud, C., Prasetyawati, N., Wahyuddin, W., Agustin, D. S. Y., & Sukmawati, H. (2018). Religious Radicalism, Global Terrorism and Islamic Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 11(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v11i1.3550
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Mietzner, M., & Muhtadi, B. (2019). Explaining the 2016 Islamist Mobilisation in Indonesia. pdf Explaining the 2016 Islamist Mobilisation in. Asian Studies Review, 42(3), 479–497. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2018.1473335
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Muhid, A. (2020). Religious tolerance among college students: How it’s influenced by religious orientation and personality traits? HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 17(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v17i1.12222
Neo, J. L. (2020). Regulating Pluralism: Laws on Religious Harmony and Possibilities for Robust Pluralism in Singapore. Review of Faith and International Affairs, 18(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2020.1795414
Nussbaum, M. (2004). Religious Intolerance. Foreign Policy, 144(1), 44–45.
Ridwan, A. H. (2020). Fiqh Pluralism: Comprehensive Analysis of Nurkholish Madjid Ideas Regarding Hermeneutics. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 55(1), 1–14.
Sebastian, L. C., & Arifianto, A. R. (2020). TRaNS special section on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 8(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2020.1
Shiekh, S. A. (2013). Pluralism in Islam: nature and development. Insight Islamicus: An Annual Journal of Studies and Research in Islam, 13(13), 63–83. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2119964039?accountid=8630%0Ahttps://birmingham-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/44BIR/44BIR_Services?genre=article&issn=09756590&title=Pluralism+in+Islam%3A+nature+and+development&volume=&issue=13&date=2013&atitle
Sirozi, M., & Yenrizal. (2020). Preventing Religious Radicalism on College Students in the Islamic State Higher Education (PTKIN) Case Study of Islamic State University (UIN) in Indonesia. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/ Egyptology, 17(6), 7062–7084.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104(March), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Suleman, M., Chief, P. P. P., Ali, A., Cm, S., Ghulam, A., Musharraf, G. P., … Qadri, A. (2018). The rise of religious intolerance in the politics of Pakistan?, 3–5. Retrieved from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2018/04/16/the-rise-of-religious-intolerance-in-the-politics-of-pakistan/
Thoha, A. M. (2009). Objectivity and the Scientific Study of Religion. Intellectual Discourse, 17(1).
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic Content Analysis Second Edition. London: Sage Publication, Inc.
Yanti, B. Z., & Witro, D. (2019). Self Maturity and Tasamuh As a Resolution of Religious Conflicts. Intizar, 25(2), 87–94.
Zuhri, M. A. (2018). Alquran dan Toleransi di Indonesia: Sebuah Analisa Surat al-Bāqarah: 148. Journal of Qur’an and Hadith Studies, 7(2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.15408/quhas.v7i2.13397
Allwright, R. L. (1981). What do we need teaching materials for? English Language Teaching Journal, 36(October), 5–18.
Alotaibi, H. H. S. (2021). A glimpse of tolerance in Islam within the context of al-dhimmah people (Egypt and Baghdad model). Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 11(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.32350/JITC.111.06
Badru, O. R. (2020). (2020). Pluralism and African conflict: Towards a Yoruba theory of African political ethics of neighbourliness. In The Palgrave Handbook of African Social Ethics (pp. 167–183). United States America: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Barras, A. (2013). Sacred Laïcité and the Politics of Religious Resurgence in France: Whither Religious Pluralism? Mediterranean Politics, 18(2), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2013.799345
Barton, G., & Yilmaz, I. (2021). Contestations of Islamic Religious Ideas in Indonesia, 1–20.
Basya, M.H. (2011). The concept of religious pluralism in Indonesia: A study of the MUI’s fatwa and the debate among Muslim scholars. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 1(1), 69–93. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v1i1.69-93
Cloonan, M., & Fingeret, A. L. (2020). Developing teaching materials for learners in surgery. Surgery (United States), 167(4), 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2019.05.056
CNN Indonesia. (2021). Intoleransi Beragama di Jatim & Jabar Diklaim Naik 2019-2020. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20211004181458-20- 703252/intoleransi-beragama-di-jatim-jabar-diklaim-naik-2019-2020.
Diana L. Eck. (2006). WHAT IS PLURALISM? The plurality of religious traditions and cultures has come to characterize every part of the world today. But what is pluralism? Here are four points to begin our thinking: • First, pluralism is not diversity alone, but. America: Columbia University Press (1-800-944-8648). Retrieved from http://www.pluralism.org/pages/pluralism/meanings
Dobbins, T., Hughes, E., & Dundon, T. (2021). ‘Zones of contention’ in industrial relations: Framing pluralism as praxis. Journal of Industrial Relations, 63(2), 149–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185620957700
Effendi, M. R. (2020). Mitigasi Intoleransi dan Radikalisme Beragama di Pondok Pesantren Melalui Pendekatan Pembelajaran Inklusif. Paedagogie: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Studi ISlam, 1(1), 54–77. https://doi.org/10.52593/pdg.01.1.05
Facal, G. (2020). Islamic Defenders Front Militia (Front Pembela Islam) and its Impact on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 8(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2018.15
Fosnacht, K., & Broderick, C. (2020). Religious Intolerance on Campus: A Multi-Institution Study. Journal of College and Character, 21(4), 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587x.2020.1822875
Gustiana Kambo, A. A. Y. (2021). Political Identity and Religious Prejudice in a Post-Conflict Society: A Case Study of Poso, Indonesia. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 56(3), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.3.43
Harwood, N. (2005). What do we want EAP teaching materials for? Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2004.07.008
Hobolt, S. B., van der Brug, W., de Vreese, C. H., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Hinrichsen, M. C. (2011). Religious intolerance and Euroscepticism. European Union Politics, 12(3), 359–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116511404620
Hudson, T. D., Rockenbach, A. N., & Mayhew, M. J. (2021). Examining the Relationship Between College Students ’ Interworldview Friendships and Pluralism Orientation. Teachers College Record, 123(7), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812112300706
Ifechukwude, E. M., & Gibson, E. I. (2021). Reformation of the Almajiri through Formal Education : A Pathway to Countering Religious Conflicts in Nigeria. International Journal of Religious and Cultural Practice, 6(1), 23–32.
Islam, M. H. (2020). Tolerance Limitation in Facing Religious Diversity Based on the Teaching of Islam. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v3i1.483
Karpov, V., & Lisovskaya, E. (2008). Religious intolerance among orthodox Christians and Muslims in Russia. Religion, State and Society, 36(4), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637490802442975
Khan, T., Österman, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2017). Severity and Reasons Behind Religious Intolerance in Pakistan: Perceptions of Sunnis, Shias, Ahmadis, and Christians. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 10(2), 193. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i2.p193-202
Kruja, G., Zaimi, A., & Gjana, F. (2021). The Challenges of Religious Education at Schools in Multi-religious Societies: The Case of Albania. In Religious Diversity at School: Educating for New Pluralistic Contexts (pp. 333–350). United States America: Springer International Publishing AG.
Mahfud, C., Prasetyawati, N., Wahyuddin, W., Agustin, D. S. Y., & Sukmawati, H. (2018). Religious Radicalism, Global Terrorism and Islamic Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 11(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v11i1.3550
McGrath, I. (2013). (2013). Teaching Materials and the Roles of EFL/ESL Teachers : Practice and Theory. London: A&C Black. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472542076
Mietzner, M., & Muhtadi, B. (2019). Explaining the 2016 Islamist Mobilisation in Indonesia. pdf Explaining the 2016 Islamist Mobilisation in. Asian Studies Review, 42(3), 479–497. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2018.1473335
Mitchell, P., & Alexandrova, A. (2021). Well-Being and Pluralism. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(6), 2411–2433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00323-8
Muhid, A. (2020). Religious tolerance among college students: How it’s influenced by religious orientation and personality traits? HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 17(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v17i1.12222
Neo, J. L. (2020). Regulating Pluralism: Laws on Religious Harmony and Possibilities for Robust Pluralism in Singapore. Review of Faith and International Affairs, 18(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2020.1795414
Nussbaum, M. (2004). Religious Intolerance. Foreign Policy, 144(1), 44–45.
Ridwan, A. H. (2020). Fiqh Pluralism: Comprehensive Analysis of Nurkholish Madjid Ideas Regarding Hermeneutics. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 55(1), 1–14.
Sebastian, L. C., & Arifianto, A. R. (2020). TRaNS special section on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 8(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2020.1
Shiekh, S. A. (2013). Pluralism in Islam: nature and development. Insight Islamicus: An Annual Journal of Studies and Research in Islam, 13(13), 63–83. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2119964039?accountid=8630%0Ahttps://birmingham-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/44BIR/44BIR_Services?genre=article&issn=09756590&title=Pluralism+in+Islam%3A+nature+and+development&volume=&issue=13&date=2013&atitle
Sirozi, M., & Yenrizal. (2020). Preventing Religious Radicalism on College Students in the Islamic State Higher Education (PTKIN) Case Study of Islamic State University (UIN) in Indonesia. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/ Egyptology, 17(6), 7062–7084.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104(March), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Suleman, M., Chief, P. P. P., Ali, A., Cm, S., Ghulam, A., Musharraf, G. P., … Qadri, A. (2018). The rise of religious intolerance in the politics of Pakistan?, 3–5. Retrieved from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2018/04/16/the-rise-of-religious-intolerance-in-the-politics-of-pakistan/
Thoha, A. M. (2009). Objectivity and the Scientific Study of Religion. Intellectual Discourse, 17(1).
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic Content Analysis Second Edition. London: Sage Publication, Inc.
Yanti, B. Z., & Witro, D. (2019). Self Maturity and Tasamuh As a Resolution of Religious Conflicts. Intizar, 25(2), 87–94.
Zuhri, M. A. (2018). Alquran dan Toleransi di Indonesia: Sebuah Analisa Surat al-Bāqarah: 148. Journal of Qur’an and Hadith Studies, 7(2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.15408/quhas.v7i2.13397
Published
2021-11-28
How to Cite
Jamilah, S. (2021). Examining Teaching Materials in Higher Education Against Religious Intolerance and Pluralism in the Global Era: Islamic Perspective. Dinamika Ilmu, 21(2), 477-489. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v21i2.3878
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