The Strategy of Mudir in Reducing Religious Intergroup Bias in Lhoksukon, Aceh, Indonesia
Keywords:
dayah, in-group favouritism, intergroup bias, mudir, out-group hatred
Abstract
Intergroup relations, especially between religiously affiliated groups, have always been a discussion that attracts the attention of scholars. However, research that highlights the efforts and processes of harmonisation between groups is still very limited to study, especially with regard to educational settings. By providing a different perspective on the discussion of most scholars, this article photographs the success of mudir (leader of Islamic educational institutions) in maintaining the existence of modern pesantren amid in-group favouritism biased traditional Islamic society in Lhoksukon, Aceh, Indonesia. By using a case-study approach, this study traced and collected data through in-depth interviews with several informants such as mudir, pesantren teachers, Imum Chik (religious leaders), and residents around Dayah Terpadu Al-Muslimun Lhoksukon, Aceh, Indonesia. The results of this study show that the conformity initiated by mudir, especially in symbols owned by the surrounding community, is able to reduce conflict between groups. In addition, mudir also involves figures with religious authority to be catalysts for harmony. The study also argues that intergroup biases in religious segmentation can be minimised by re-evaluating to find similarities in social identities between groups.
References
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Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In The handbook of social psychology, Vols. 1-2, 4th ed (pp. 151–192). McGraw-Hill.
Cooper, D., & Thatcher, S. M. B. (2010). Identification in organizations: The role of self-concept orientations and identification motives. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 516–538. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.4.zok516
Crisp, R. J., Stone, C. H., & Hall, N. R. (2006). Recategorization and Subgroup Identification: Predicting and Preventing Threats From Common Ingroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280908
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Dhavamony, M. (2010). Fenomenologi agama. Kanisius.
Dianiska, R. E., Swanner, J. K., Brimbal, L., & Meissner, C. A. (2021). Using disclosure, common ground, and verification to build rapport and elicit information. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(3), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000313
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Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The Common Ingroup Identity Model: Recategorization and the Reduction of Intergroup Bias. European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000004
Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K. M., & McGlynn, E. A. (2000). Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 98–114.
Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.239
Hefner, R. W. (2011). Where have all the abangan gone? Religionization and the decline of non-standard Islam in contemporary Indonesia. In M. Picard & R. Madinier (Eds.), The Politics of Religion in Indonesia Syncretism, Orthodox, and Religious Contention in Java And Bali. Routledge.
Hidayat, M. A., & Farid, M. (2021). Strangers at Home: Identity Negotiation Practices among Ethnic Chinese in Madura, Indonesia. The Journal of Society and Media, 5(1), 19–41. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v5n1.p19-41
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (Eds.). (2001). Intergroup Relations: Key Readings (1st ed.). Psychology Press. https://www.routledge.com/Intergroup-Relations-Key-Readings/Hogg-Abrams/p/book/9780863776793
Hornsey, M. J., & Imani, A. (2004). Criticizing Groups from the Inside and the Outside: An Identity Perspective on the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 365–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261295
Huang, D.-L., Rau, P.-L. P., & Salvendy, G. (2010). Perception of information security. Behaviour & Information Technology, 29(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290701679361
Idris, M., & Sahlan, M. (2018). Antara Salah Paham dan Paham yang Salah: Pandangan Teungku Seumeubeut terhadap Wahabi. Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 20(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.22373/substantia.v20i1.3407
Juwaini, J., Yasin, T. H., & Anzaikhan, M. (2021). The Role of Islamic Universities in the Harmony of the Madhhab (Resolution of the Aswaja and Wahabism Conflicts in Aceh). Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 6(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v6i2.6148
Karim, Z. P. (2020). Relasi FPI dengan Dayah dalam Penegakan Syari’at Islam di Aceh. Jurnal Sosiologi Agama Indonesia (JSAI), 1(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.22373/jsai.v1i3.789
Khan, S., & Lambert, A. J. (1998). Ingroup favoritism versus black sheep effects in observations of informal conversations. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2004_3
Lewis, A. C., & Sherman, S. J. (2010). Perceived Entitativity and the Black-Sheep Effect: When Will We Denigrate Negative Ingroup Members? The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540903366388
Marques, J. M., & Yzerbyt, V. (1988). The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter-and intra-group situations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180308
Michaels, C. F. (2000). Information, Perception, and Action: What Should Ecological Psychologists Learn From Milner and Goodale (1995)? Ecological Psychology, 12(3), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1203_4
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Moleong, L. J. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif (38th ed.). PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nasir, Mohd., Mukhlis, & Rahmah, M. (2016). Eksistensi Bi’ah Lughawiyah di Dayah Terpadu Al-Muslimun Lhoksukon Aceh Utara. Ihya Al-Arabiyah: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Arab, 2(1), 117–136.
Niedenthal, P. M. (1990). Implicit perception of affective information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(6), 505–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90053-O
Nord, W. R. (1969). Social exchange theory: An integrative approach to social conformity. Psychological Bulletin, 71(3), 174–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027032
Otten, S. (2016). The Minimal Group Paradigm and its maximal impact in research on social categorization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.010
Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport’s Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727900500407
Pinto, I. R., Marques, J. M., Levine, J. M., & Abrams, D. (2010). Membership status and subjective group dynamics: Who triggers the black sheep effect? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018187
Ray, D. G., Mackie, D. M., Rydell, R. J., & Smith, E. R. (2008). Changing categorization of self can change emotions about outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1210–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.014
Reed II, A., & Aquino, K. F. (2003). Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1270–1286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1270
Spears, R., & Otten, S. (2012). Discrimination: Revisiting Tajfel’s minimal group studies. In Social psychology: Revisiting the classic studies (pp. 160–177). Sage Publications Ltd.
Syahputra, A., Nasution, M. S., Razali, R., & Nadilla, T. (2021). Sosialisasi Ekonomi Syariah Bagi Generasi Milenial (Studi Kasus Pada Siswa Dayah Terpadu Al-Muslimun). Dimasejati: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.24235/dimasejati.v3i1.8093
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Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (2001). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Intergroup relations: Essential readings (pp. 94–109). Psychology Press.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA.
Taylor, D. M., & Jaggi, V. (1974). Ethnocentrism and Causal Attribution in a South Indian Context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5(2), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/002202217400500202
Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1995). Influence of level of identification with a group and physiological arousal on perceived intergroup complexity. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 34 ( Pt 3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01060.x
Waskito, A. M. (2014). Pro dan Kontra Maulid Nabi (A. Z. Akaha, Ed.). Pustaka Al Kautsar.
Yunanda, R., & Subhani. (2019). Radikalisme dalam Perspektif Islam Dayah di Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Sosiologi Agama (JISA), 2(2), 138–148.
Yunus, M. (2019). Peringatan Maulid Nabi: Tinjauan Sejarah dan Tradisinya di Indonesia. HUMANISTIKA : Jurnal Keislaman, 5(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.36835/humanistika.v5i2.46
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Zouhri, B., & Rateau, P. (2015). Social representation and social identity in the black sheep effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(6), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2138
Abrams, D. (2013). Social identity and groups. In Group processes (pp. 267–295). Psychology Press.
Abrams, D., Palmer, S. B., Rutland, A., Cameron, L., & Van de Vyver, J. (2014). Evaluations of and reasoning about normative and deviant ingroup and outgroup members: Development of the black sheep effect. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032461
Aviram, R. B. (2017). Object Relations and Prejudice: From In-group Favoritism to Out-group Hatred. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 4(1), 4–17.
Baso, A. S. (2022). Studi Argumentasi Pembelaan Terhadap Perayaan Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW Sebagai Sunnah Hasanah. Jurnal Ilmiah Islamic Resources, 18(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.33096/jiir.v18i2.141
Brown, R. (2020). The origins of the minimal group paradigm. History of Psychology, 23(4), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/hop0000164
Caricati, L., & Monacelli, N. (2010). Social hierarchies and intergroup discrimination: The case of the intermediate status group. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466610X489876
Chen, S., & Zhang, C. (2021). What Happens to a Black Sheep? Exploring How Multilevel Leader–Member Exchange Differentiation Shapes the Organizational Altruism Behaviors of Low Leader–Member Exchange Minority. Group & Organization Management, 46(6), 1073–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601121998584
Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In The handbook of social psychology, Vols. 1-2, 4th ed (pp. 151–192). McGraw-Hill.
Cooper, D., & Thatcher, S. M. B. (2010). Identification in organizations: The role of self-concept orientations and identification motives. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 516–538. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.4.zok516
Crisp, R. J., Stone, C. H., & Hall, N. R. (2006). Recategorization and Subgroup Identification: Predicting and Preventing Threats From Common Ingroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280908
Cutting, J. E. (1987). Perception and Information. Annual Review of Psychology, 38(1), 61–90. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.000425
Deutsch, M. (2014). Cooperation, Competition, and Conflict. In P. T. Coleman, M. Deutsch, & E. C. Marcus (Eds.), The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice (pp. 3–28). John Wiley & Sons.
Dhavamony, M. (2010). Fenomenologi agama. Kanisius.
Dianiska, R. E., Swanner, J. K., Brimbal, L., & Meissner, C. A. (2021). Using disclosure, common ground, and verification to build rapport and elicit information. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(3), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000313
Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Intergroup bias. In Handbook of social psychology, Vol. 2, 5th ed (5th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1084–1121). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002029
Farid, E. K. (2016). Substansi Perayaan Maulid Nabi Muhammad S.A.W. (Tinjauan Historis dan Tradisi di Indonesia). HUMANISTIKA : Jurnal Keislaman, 2(1), 25–31.
Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The Common Ingroup Identity Model: Recategorization and the Reduction of Intergroup Bias. European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000004
Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K. M., & McGlynn, E. A. (2000). Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 98–114.
Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.239
Hefner, R. W. (2011). Where have all the abangan gone? Religionization and the decline of non-standard Islam in contemporary Indonesia. In M. Picard & R. Madinier (Eds.), The Politics of Religion in Indonesia Syncretism, Orthodox, and Religious Contention in Java And Bali. Routledge.
Hidayat, M. A., & Farid, M. (2021). Strangers at Home: Identity Negotiation Practices among Ethnic Chinese in Madura, Indonesia. The Journal of Society and Media, 5(1), 19–41. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v5n1.p19-41
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (Eds.). (2001). Intergroup Relations: Key Readings (1st ed.). Psychology Press. https://www.routledge.com/Intergroup-Relations-Key-Readings/Hogg-Abrams/p/book/9780863776793
Hornsey, M. J., & Imani, A. (2004). Criticizing Groups from the Inside and the Outside: An Identity Perspective on the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 365–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261295
Huang, D.-L., Rau, P.-L. P., & Salvendy, G. (2010). Perception of information security. Behaviour & Information Technology, 29(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290701679361
Idris, M., & Sahlan, M. (2018). Antara Salah Paham dan Paham yang Salah: Pandangan Teungku Seumeubeut terhadap Wahabi. Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 20(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.22373/substantia.v20i1.3407
Juwaini, J., Yasin, T. H., & Anzaikhan, M. (2021). The Role of Islamic Universities in the Harmony of the Madhhab (Resolution of the Aswaja and Wahabism Conflicts in Aceh). Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 6(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v6i2.6148
Karim, Z. P. (2020). Relasi FPI dengan Dayah dalam Penegakan Syari’at Islam di Aceh. Jurnal Sosiologi Agama Indonesia (JSAI), 1(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.22373/jsai.v1i3.789
Khan, S., & Lambert, A. J. (1998). Ingroup favoritism versus black sheep effects in observations of informal conversations. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2004_3
Lewis, A. C., & Sherman, S. J. (2010). Perceived Entitativity and the Black-Sheep Effect: When Will We Denigrate Negative Ingroup Members? The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540903366388
Marques, J. M., & Yzerbyt, V. (1988). The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter-and intra-group situations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180308
Michaels, C. F. (2000). Information, Perception, and Action: What Should Ecological Psychologists Learn From Milner and Goodale (1995)? Ecological Psychology, 12(3), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1203_4
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Moleong, L. J. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif (38th ed.). PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nasir, Mohd., Mukhlis, & Rahmah, M. (2016). Eksistensi Bi’ah Lughawiyah di Dayah Terpadu Al-Muslimun Lhoksukon Aceh Utara. Ihya Al-Arabiyah: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Arab, 2(1), 117–136.
Niedenthal, P. M. (1990). Implicit perception of affective information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(6), 505–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90053-O
Nord, W. R. (1969). Social exchange theory: An integrative approach to social conformity. Psychological Bulletin, 71(3), 174–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027032
Otten, S. (2016). The Minimal Group Paradigm and its maximal impact in research on social categorization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.010
Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport’s Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727900500407
Pinto, I. R., Marques, J. M., Levine, J. M., & Abrams, D. (2010). Membership status and subjective group dynamics: Who triggers the black sheep effect? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018187
Ray, D. G., Mackie, D. M., Rydell, R. J., & Smith, E. R. (2008). Changing categorization of self can change emotions about outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1210–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.014
Reed II, A., & Aquino, K. F. (2003). Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1270–1286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1270
Spears, R., & Otten, S. (2012). Discrimination: Revisiting Tajfel’s minimal group studies. In Social psychology: Revisiting the classic studies (pp. 160–177). Sage Publications Ltd.
Syahputra, A., Nasution, M. S., Razali, R., & Nadilla, T. (2021). Sosialisasi Ekonomi Syariah Bagi Generasi Milenial (Studi Kasus Pada Siswa Dayah Terpadu Al-Muslimun). Dimasejati: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.24235/dimasejati.v3i1.8093
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination. In Scientific American (5th ed., Vol. 223, pp. 96–103). Nature America, Inc. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24927662
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (2001). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Intergroup relations: Essential readings (pp. 94–109). Psychology Press.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA.
Taylor, D. M., & Jaggi, V. (1974). Ethnocentrism and Causal Attribution in a South Indian Context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5(2), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/002202217400500202
Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1995). Influence of level of identification with a group and physiological arousal on perceived intergroup complexity. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 34 ( Pt 3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01060.x
Waskito, A. M. (2014). Pro dan Kontra Maulid Nabi (A. Z. Akaha, Ed.). Pustaka Al Kautsar.
Yunanda, R., & Subhani. (2019). Radikalisme dalam Perspektif Islam Dayah di Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Sosiologi Agama (JISA), 2(2), 138–148.
Yunus, M. (2019). Peringatan Maulid Nabi: Tinjauan Sejarah dan Tradisinya di Indonesia. HUMANISTIKA : Jurnal Keislaman, 5(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.36835/humanistika.v5i2.46
Yusmadi. (2015, September 10). Massa Aswaja Padati Banda Aceh Artikel. SerambiNews.Com. https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2015/09/10/massa-aswaja-padati-banda-aceh
Zouhri, B., & Rateau, P. (2015). Social representation and social identity in the black sheep effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(6), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2138
Published
2022-06-01
How to Cite
Surya, D., Ismail, S., & Hamdani, H. (2022). The Strategy of Mudir in Reducing Religious Intergroup Bias in Lhoksukon, Aceh, Indonesia. Dinamika Ilmu, 22(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v22i1.4365
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