Teachers and Multicultural Education: How do Moderate Islamic Teachers Perceive Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech?
Keywords:
Multicultural education, moderate Islamic religious teachers, freedom of expression, hate speech
Abstract
Due to the high number of incidents involving the suppression of religious freedom, West Java Province is frequently regarded as the most intolerant province in Indonesia. Islamic religious teachers are among the actors who perpetuate bigotry and commit breaches. This research aims to explore the views of moderate Islamic Religious Education teachers regarding freedom of expression and hate speech on social media, as well as the significance of multicultural education. This descriptive research method is based on data obtained from moderate Islamic religious education teachers in West Java. Data were gathered via in-person interviews, telephone conversations, email, and social media platforms. Moderate Islamic religious teachers in West Java assert that limitations on individuals' freedom of speech may be implemented in order to protect the human rights of others or groups and are enforced following explicit and measurable legal norms. They argue that equitable legal enforcement can effectively address the pervasive dissemination of hate speech on social media. Nevertheless, multicultural education is the most dependable approach for mitigating hate speech, fostering civility, promoting ethical behavior, and safeguarding responsible freedom of expression. The importance of a broader perspective on the religious attitudes and behavior of Islamic teachers is among the important implications of this research. The researchers recommend that religious moderation literacy be continuously internalized and socialized to Islamic religious teachers.
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Woodward, M., Yahya, M., Rohmaniyah, I., Coleman, D. M., Lundry, C., & Amin, A. (2014). The Islamic Defenders Front: Demonization, Violence and the State in Indonesia. Contemporary Islamic, 8, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-013-0288-1
Yaakub, M. B. (2016). A Textual Analysis for the Term ‘Wasatiyyah’’ (Islamic Moderation) in Selected Quranic Verses and Prophetic Tradition.’ Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(October).
Alt, D., & Raichel, N. (2020). Higher Education Students’ Perceptions of and Attitudes Towards Peer Assessment in Multicultural Classrooms. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 29(6), 567–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-020-00507-z
Bailey, W., Bordogna, C. M., Harvey, H., Jones, G., & Walton, S. (2021). Transformational, Inclusive, and Multicultural or Empty Rhetoric? Perceptions and Experiences of International Academic Staff. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(3), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2020.1762848
Bajrektarevic, A. (2014). Multiculturalism is D(r)ead in Europe. Policy Futures in Education, 12(1), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2014.12.1.131
Betz, H.-G. (2003). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Eatwell, R. (2000). The Rebirth of the ‘Extreme Right’’ in Western Europe?’ Parliamentary Affairs, 53, 407–425.
Farida, A. (2014). Respon Organisasi Massa Islam terhadap Syiah di Bandung Jawa Barat. Penamas, 27(2), 159–176.
Fitzpatrick, J. (1994). Human Rights in Crisis: The International System for Protecting Rights During States of Emergency. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Halpern, C., & Aydin, H. (2020). The Light in Their Eyes: Creating a Multicultural Education Course for Halpern https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-11-2019-0079
Hamdi, A. Z. (2020). Wajah Baru Islam Indonesia: Dari Kontestasi ke Pembentukan Lanskap Baru. Tashwirul Afkar, 39(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.51716/ta.v38i01.3
Husin, B. R., Febriyani, M., & Sunarto. (2018). Analisis Faktor Penyebab Pelaku Melakukan Ujaran Kebencian (Hate Speech) dalam Media Sosial. Jurnal Poenale, 6(3).
Husni, H., & Bisri, H. (2020). The Indonesian-Moderate Muslim Communities Opinion on Social Media Hate Speech. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(8). https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I8/PR281083
Ignazi, P. (2009). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford University Press.
Inglehart, R. F., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Harvard Kennedy School.
Kamali, M. H., & Ramadan, T. (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qur’anic Principle of Wasatiyyah. Oxford University Press.
Kehrberg, J. E. (2007). Public Opinion on Immigration in Western Europe: Economics, Tolerance, and Exposure. Comparative European Politics, 5(3), 264–281.
Kuppens, L., Ibrahim, S., & Langer, A. (2020). Unity over Diversity? Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices of Multicultural Education in Kenya. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 50(5), 693–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2018.1557037
Lahman, M. K. E., Rodriguez, K. L., Moses, L., Griffin, K. M., Mendoza, B. M., & Yacoub, W. (2015). A Rose by Any Other Name is Still a Rose? Problematizing Pseudonyms in Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(5), 445–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800415572391
Lee, F. L. F., & Fong, I. W. Y. (2021). The Construction and Mobilization of Political Consumerism through Digital Media in a Networked Social Movement. New Media & Society, 25(12), 3573–3592. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211050885
Ludigdo, U., & Mashuri, A. (2021). Negative Evaluations of National Ethics and Its Impact on Islamic Radicalism. SAGE Open, 11(3), 21582440211041100. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211041099
Matteo, B. (2017). Religion, Hate Speech and Non-Domination. Sage Journal, 17(2), 259–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468796817692626
Mesa, R. M. (2016). Hate-Speech in the Romanian Online Media. Journal of Media Reseach, 9(3), 55–77.
Musyafak, N., & Ulama’i, A. H. A. (2019). Narasi Ujaran Kebencian dalam Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah (PILKADA). Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 39(2), 166–182.
Oktavianus, J., & Davidson, B. (2023). Countering Terrorism on Social Media: An Analysis of Online Anti-Terrorism Movement in Indonesia. Communication and the Public, 8(4), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/20570473231189898
Pollock, M., Lopez, D. D. los A., Yoshisato, M., Kendall, R., Reece, E., & Kennedy, B. C. (2023). Next Steps toward an Inclusive Country? Inviting and Amplifying Youth Voice in Public Anti-hate Messaging. Journal for Multicultural Education, 17(2), 146–167. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-02-2022-0036
Postill, J. (2018). Populism and Social Media: A Global Perspective. Media, Culture & Society, 40(5), 754–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772186
Rosada, B. (2022). Islamophobia dan Dampaknya bagi Kehidupan Beragama di Indonesia. Sophist: Jurnal Sosial Politik Kajian Islam Dan Tafsir, 4(1), 1–20.
Saunders, B., Kitzinger, J., & Kitzinger, C. (2015). Anonymising Interview Data: Challenges and Compromise in Practice. Qualitative Research, 15(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114550439
Schmidt, L. (2021). Aesthetics of Authority: ‘Islam Nusantara’ and Islamic ‘Radicalism’ in Indonesian Film and Social Media. Religion, 51(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1868387
Schüller, A. (2010). Fundamental Standards of Humanity – Still a Useful Attempt or an Expired Concept? The International Journal of Human Rights, 14(5), 744–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980903156875
Setara Institute. (2018). Melawan Intoleransi di Tahun Politik: Kondisi Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan di Indonesia Tahun 2018 (Halili, I. Hasani, I. Yosarie, & I. I. Supriyanto, eds.). Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.
Setara Institute. (2019). Kebebasan Beragama dan Pengutamaan Stabilitas Politik-Keamanan di Tahun Politik: Kondisi Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan di Indonesia Tahun 2019 (H. Hasan, ed.). Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.
Setara Institute. (2020). Intoleransi Semasa Pandemi: Laporan Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan 2020. Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.
Sudhakar, T. V. G. N. S. (2011). The United Nations and the Protection of Human Rights: An Analysis of Issues and Institutional Mechanisms. Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 15(1), 26–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973598411110003
Teasley, M., & Tyson, E. (2007). Cultural Wars and the Attack on Multiculturalism: An Afrocentric Critique. Journal of Black Studies, 37(3), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934706290081
Tilley, L., & Woodthorpe, K. (2011). Is It the End for Anonymity as We Know It? A Critical Examination of the Ethical Principle of Anonymity in the Context of 21st Century Demands on the Qualitative Researcher. Qualitative Research, 11(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794110394073
Utami, W. W., & Darmaiza, D. (2020). Hate Speech, Agama, dan Kontestasi Politik di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Religion and Society, 2(2), 113–128.
Wahyono, S. B., Budiningsih, A., Suyantiningsih, S., & Rahmadonna, S. (2022). Multicultural Education and Religious Tolerance: Elementary School Teachers’ Understanding of Multicultural Education in Yogyakarta. Al-Jami’ah, 60(2), 467–508. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.602.467-508
Woodward, M., Yahya, M., Rohmaniyah, I., Coleman, D. M., Lundry, C., & Amin, A. (2014). The Islamic Defenders Front: Demonization, Violence and the State in Indonesia. Contemporary Islamic, 8, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-013-0288-1
Yaakub, M. B. (2016). A Textual Analysis for the Term ‘Wasatiyyah’’ (Islamic Moderation) in Selected Quranic Verses and Prophetic Tradition.’ Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(October).
Published
2024-06-30
How to Cite
Husni, H., Rizal, S., Munandar, D., & Selamet, S. (2024). Teachers and Multicultural Education: How do Moderate Islamic Teachers Perceive Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech?. Dinamika Ilmu, 24(1), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v24i1.8099
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