Religion, Education, and Maintaining Ethno-religious Harmony in Sanggau, West Kalimantan
Keywords:
education, ethno-religious harmony, interfaith dialogue, Malay, religion
Abstract
This study aims to explore the role of religion and education in maintaining inter-ethnic harmony in Sanggau, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sanggau, with its ethnic diversity including Malays, Dayaks, Chinese and others, provides a rich context for understanding how inter-group harmony can be maintained through religious and educational interventions. This study uses qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews with religious leaders, community leaders and teacher, as well as observation and documentation of religious, educational and social activities in Sanggau. The data is then recorded and assigned a code. It is subsequently grouped according to broader categories, with reference to the purpose of the research. The relationship between the themes within the data is then narrated in order to facilitate the construction of research conclusions. These conclusions are then associated with the results of previous studies and relevant theories. The findings of this study indicate that small-scale conflicts over religious issues are common in the Sanggau. The conflict arose because of the multi-religious and multi-ethnic situation. Conflicts arose over the construction of places of worship, religious changes and interfaith marriages. However, these conflicts have been resolved through ethno-religious and educational approaches. Group identity is used to strengthen the bonds of fraternity, as expressed in the phrase "kita menyadi’ (we are brothers)". A shared identity is built on the traces of origin, history and the values of local wisdom that are inherited. Local initiatives have also emerged to promote ingroup cooperation through religion and education, successfully cultivating the values of tolerance as the key to maintaining harmony. Religious approaches have given way to ethnic approaches, and education has been part of strengthening narratives of togetherness and peace. Joint religious activities, such as the celebration of religious holidays and inclusive education programmes involving students from different ethnic backgrounds, have proven effective in strengthening solidarity and mutual understanding.
References
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Kurniawan, S., & Miftah, M. (2021). Communal Conflicts in West Kalimantan: The Urgency of Multicultural Education. Dinamika Ilmu, 21(1), 55-70.
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Suri, D., & Chandra, D. (2021). Teacher's strategy for implementing multiculturalism education based on local cultural values and character building for early childhood education. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(4), 271-285.
Susanto, D., & Puryanto, S. (2022). The Necessity of Implementation by Local Values: Historical Study of ethnics conflict in Sampit Central Kalimantan Indonesia. Perspektif, 11(3), 878-883.
Suyanto, B. (2013). The Culture of Peace and Its Implementation in Indonesian Schools. International Journal of Education Development, 33(3), 316-324.
Tamburian, H., D. (2018). Komunikasi Lintas Budaya Masyarakat Dayak dalam Menjaga Kerukunan Hidup Umat Beragama. Jurnal Komunikasi, 10(1).
Tempo. (2012). Kronologi Ricuh Spanduk anti-FPI di Pontianak. Tempo.co, March, 16, 2012. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/390613/kronologi-ricuh-spanduk-anti-fpi-di-pontianak.
Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N., Chen, Z., Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. (2021). Religious residue: Cross-cultural evidence that religious psychology and behavior persist following deidentification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(2), 484.
Yusriadi. (2018). Menikmati Pesona Tayan. IAIN Pontianak Press.
Yusriadi. (2020). "Urang Diri'" and The Narrative of Brotherhood among The Malays In The Hinterland of Ulu Kapuas. ICRHD: Journal of Internantional Conference on Religion, Humanity and Development, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 73-82.
Abdulmajid, A. (2018). A Study on Religious Diversity and Conflict in the Middle East. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 6(3), 1-7.
Adryamarthanino. (2021). Kerusuhan Sambas 1999: Penyebab Kronologi dan Dampak. Kompas.com, August, 6, 2021. https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/06/150000479/kerusuhan-sambas-1999-penyebab-kronologi-dan-dampak?page=all.
Akcaoğlu, M. Ö., & Arsal, Z. (2021). The effect of multicultural education on preservice teachers’ attitude and efficacy: Testing bank’s content integration dimension. Participatory Educational Research, 9(2), 343-357.
Alloy, Sujarni; Albertus, & Istiyani, CP. (2008). Mozaik Dayak, Keberagaman Subsuku dan Bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Institut Dayakologi.
Amirrachman, A. et.al., (2007). Revitalisasi Kearifan Lokal, Studi Resolusi Konflik di Kalimantan Barat, Maluku dan Poso. ICIP.
Atmaja, D. S., Fachrurazi, F., Satriawan, L. A., Asmanto, E., & Sukardi, B. (2023). Islam and the Struggle for Multiculturalism in Singkawang, West Kalimantan: Local Ulama, Theological-Economic Competition and Ethnoreligious Relations. Ulumuna, 27(1), 172-200.
Azeharie, S., Sari, W. P., & Irena, L. (2022). Local Wisdom of the Dayak Tribe in Overcoming Horizontal Conflict in West Kalimantan. In 3rd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2021) (pp. 114-118). Atlantis Press.
Banks, J. A. (2004). Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
Barton, G. (2014). Perjuangan Indonesia: Jemaah Islamiyah dan Ruh Islam. UNSW Pers.
Bertrand, J. (2012). Nasionalisme dan Konflik Etnis di Indonesia. Penerbit Ombak.
BPS. (2021). Jumlah Penduduk Kecamatan Kapuas Menurut Jenis Kelamin. https://sanggaukab.bps.go.id/indicator/12/78/1/jumlah-penduduk-kecamatan-kapuas-menurut-jenis-kelamin.html.
Cahyono, H. (2018). The State and Society in Conflict Resolution in Indonesia (Conflict Area of West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan). Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1).
Chen, Yan, and Sherry Xin Li. (2009). Group Identity and Social Preferences. American Economic Review, 99 (1): 431-57.
Ellemers, N., Kortekaas, P., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (1999). Self‐categorisation, commitment to the group and group self‐esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European journal of social psychology, 29(2‐3), 371-389.
Enthoven, J.J.K. (2013). Sejarah dan Geografi Daerah Sungai Kapuas Kalimantan Barat. Institut Dayakologi.
Fannia, T., Johana, K., Awliya, F., Rismawaty, F., Ameri, M., & Lau, S. L. (2023). Intercultural Communication Interaction of Multicultural Society in West Kalimantan Province: Ethnographic Studies. KnE Social Sciences, 632-644.
Fanselow, F. (2015). Indigenous and anthropological theories of ethnic conflict in Kalimantan. Zinbun, 45, 131-147.
Firdaus, F., Anggreta, D. K., & Yasin, F. (2020). Internalizing multiculturalism values through education: Anticipatory strategies for multicultural problems and intolerance in Indonesia. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 22(1), 131-141.
Giblin, S. (2007). Violent Conflicts in Indonesia. The International Journal of Human Rights, 11(4).
Haynes, J. (2020). Introductory thoughts about peace, politics and religion. Religions, 11(5), 242.
Hefner, R. W. (2021). Islam and institutional religious freedom in indonesia. Religions, 12(6), 415.
Héliot, Y., Gleibs, I. H., Coyle, A., Rousseau, D. M., & Rojon, C. (2020). Religious identity in the workplace: A systematic review, research agenda, and practical implications. Human resource management, 59(2), 153-173.
Hooker, VM. (1991). Tuhfat al-Nafis : Sejarah Melayu-Islam. (Basri, A.F.,Trans.). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Ichwan, M. N., Salim, A., & Srimulyani, E. (2020). Islam and dormant citizenship: soft religious ethno-nationalism and minorities in Aceh, Indonesia. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 31(2), 215-240.
Indrawan, RMJ. (2017). Dampak Komunikasi Politik dan Opini Publik Terhadap Prilaku Masyarakat. Wacana: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 16(2): 171-179.
Ishar, A. (2015). Sejarah, Salasilah, dan Sosiologi Masyarakat Sanggau, Sekayam, Kembayan dan Beduwai. STAIN Pontianak Press.
Ismail Ruslan & Yusriadi. (2019). “Kelompok Lain” dalam Pandangan Pelajar di Wilayah Bekas Konflik di Sanggau Ledo, Kalbar (“Other Group” In Student Views In The Areas Ever Conflict In Sanggau Ledo, West Kalimantan, Indonesia). Al-Hikmah, 13(2), 307–318.
King, VT. (1993). The Peoples of Borneo. Blackwell.
Kristianus. (2011). Nasionalisme etnik di kalimantan barat. Jurnal Masayarakat Indonesia, 37(2).
Kurniawan, S., & Miftah, M. (2021). Communal Conflicts in West Kalimantan: The Urgency of Multicultural Education. Dinamika Ilmu, 21(1), 55-70.
Liputan6. (2001). Dendam Laten di Bumi Borneo. Liputan6, March, 5, 2001. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/9009/dendam-laten-di-bumi-borneo.
Lontaan, JU. (1975). Sejarah Hukum Adat dan Adat Istiadat Kalimantan Barat. Pemda TK I Kalimantan Barat.
Luka, Amos Y. (2021). Hindu-Muslim relations in Kashmir: A critical evaluation. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies | Vol 77, No 4
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. SAGE Publications.
Mujiburrahman. (2006). Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia’s New Order. Amsterdam University Press.
Nakaya, A. (2018). Overcoming ethnic conflict through multicultural education: The case of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 20(1), 118-137.
Noer, M. U. (2019). Multicultural Education Approach: Perspectives of Learners on Resolving University Students Conflicts in South Sulawesi. Asian EFL Journal Research Articles, 25(5).
Osaretin, I., & Akov, E. (2013). Ethno-Religious Conflict and Peace Building in Nigeria: The Case of Jos, Plateau State. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(1), 349
Parihala, Y., Samson, R. A., & Lestari, D. T. (2019). The education of" orang basudara": the development of multicultural education in the higher education of Maluku Indonesian Christian university and its contribution to maintain peace in Maluku. In International Conference on Religion and Public Civilization (ICRPC 2018) (pp. 26-29). Atlantis Press.
Pemkab Sanggau.( 2022). https://sanggau.go.id
Prasojo, Z. H., Elmansyah, & Haji Masri, M. S. (2019). Moderate Islam and the social construction of multi-ethnic communities in the hinterland of west Kalimantan. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V9I2.217-240
Purba, J, Yusriadi, Y, Hermansyah, al-Qadri, Sitamsiyah. (2011). Sejarah Penyebaran dan Pengaruh Budaya Melayu di Kalimantan. Direktorat Nilai Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata.
Ruslan, I., & Irham, M. (2022). The role of cultural literacy and peace education in harmonization of religious communities. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 13(3), 174-204.
Sitepu, M. (2017). Aksi bela ulama di Kalbar 'tiru' politik SARA Pilkada Jakarta. BBC Indonesia, May, 22, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-39992156.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications.
Sukamto, A., & Pramono, R. (2020). The Roots of Conflicts between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia in 1995–1997. Transformation, 37(3).
Suri, D., & Chandra, D. (2021). Teacher's strategy for implementing multiculturalism education based on local cultural values and character building for early childhood education. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(4), 271-285.
Susanto, D., & Puryanto, S. (2022). The Necessity of Implementation by Local Values: Historical Study of ethnics conflict in Sampit Central Kalimantan Indonesia. Perspektif, 11(3), 878-883.
Suyanto, B. (2013). The Culture of Peace and Its Implementation in Indonesian Schools. International Journal of Education Development, 33(3), 316-324.
Tamburian, H., D. (2018). Komunikasi Lintas Budaya Masyarakat Dayak dalam Menjaga Kerukunan Hidup Umat Beragama. Jurnal Komunikasi, 10(1).
Tempo. (2012). Kronologi Ricuh Spanduk anti-FPI di Pontianak. Tempo.co, March, 16, 2012. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/390613/kronologi-ricuh-spanduk-anti-fpi-di-pontianak.
Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N., Chen, Z., Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. (2021). Religious residue: Cross-cultural evidence that religious psychology and behavior persist following deidentification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(2), 484.
Yusriadi. (2018). Menikmati Pesona Tayan. IAIN Pontianak Press.
Yusriadi. (2020). "Urang Diri'" and The Narrative of Brotherhood among The Malays In The Hinterland of Ulu Kapuas. ICRHD: Journal of Internantional Conference on Religion, Humanity and Development, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 73-82.
Published
2024-06-30
How to Cite
Ruslan, I., Amri, F., & Yusriadi, Y. (2024). Religion, Education, and Maintaining Ethno-religious Harmony in Sanggau, West Kalimantan. Dinamika Ilmu, 24(1), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v24i1.8763
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