Investigating the Relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety and Oral Performance of Non-English Major University Students in Indonesia
Keywords:
Foreign Language Anxiety, learners’ achievements, correlations
Abstract
This quantitative study was conducted to find out the relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA) and the achievements of non-English major university students in Indonesia. Through descriptive analysis, the study found that learners experienced various degrees of FLA with the mean score 93.07 (SD = 17.69, N = 119). This study also found a statistically significant, negative correlation between the learners’ FLA and their achievements as measured with their grades, r (117) = -.37, p < .01. Consistent with that, significant, negative relationships were also found between the learners' achievements and all the three related situation-specific anxieties, namely, communication apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation. Considering the results, it is suggested that both teachers and students should minimise the debilitating effects of students’ FLA. Based on the limitations of this study, some recommendations for future researches are also stated. Suggested directions of future researches on FLA in Indonesia are investigations on the relationship between FLA and achievements across different levels of education as well as thorough qualitative investigations of FLA.
Keywords: Foreign Language Anxiety, learners’ achievements, correlations.References
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Anandari, C. L. (2015). Indonesian EFL students' anxiety in speech production: possible causes and remedy. TEFLIN Journal, 26(1), 1-16.
Arnold, J., & Brown, H. D. (1999). A map of the terrain. In J. Arnold, Affect in Language Learning (pp. 1-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aydin, S. (2009). Test anxiety among foreign language learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 5(1), 127-137.
Bailey, P., Daley, C. E., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (1999). Foreign language anxiety and learning style. Foreign Language Annals, 32(1), 63-76.
Basit, T. N. (2010). Conducting Research in Educational Contexts. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Bigdeli, S. (2010). Affective learning: the anxiety construct in adult learners. Procedia Social and behavioral Sciences, 647-678.
Brown, H. D. (2000). Principals of Language Learning and Teaching (Fourth Edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (4th Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, C. M., & Ortiz, J. (1991). Helping students overcome foreign language anxiety: a foreign language anxiety workshop. In D. J. Young, Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications (pp. 141-150). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Chastain, K. (1975). Affective and ability factors in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 25(1), 153-161.
Dulay, H., & Burt, M. (1977). Remarks on creativity in language acquisition. In M. Burt, H. Dulay, & M. Finnochiaro, Viewpoints on English as Second Language (pp. 95-126). New York: Regents.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social Psychology and second Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivations. London: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, 157-194.
Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second Language Acquisition: an Introductory Course (Third Edition). New York: Routledge.
Gray, D. E. (2014). Doing Research in the Real World (Third Edition). London: Sage Publications, Ltd.
Gusman, J. (2004). Differentiated Instruction and the English Language Learner. Port Chester, NY: National Professional Resources.
Hewitt, E., & Stephenson, J. (2012). Foreign language anxiety and oral exam performance: a replication of Phillips's MLJ study. The Modern Language Journal, 96, 170-189.
Horwitz, E. K. (1990). Attending to the affective domain in the foreign language classroom. In S. S. Magnam, Shifting the instructional focus to the learner (pp. 15-33). Middlebury, VT: Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Horwitz, E. K. (1996). Even teachers get the blues: recognizing and alleviating language teachers' feelings of foreign language anxiety. Foreign Language Annals, 29(3), 365-372.
Horwitz, E. K. (2000). Horwitz comments: it ain't over 'til it's over: on foreign language anxiety, first language deficits, and the confounding variables. The Modern Language Journal, 84(2), 256-259.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132.
Huang, Q. (2012). Study on Correlation of Foreign Language Anxiety and English Reading Anxiety. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2(7), 1520-1525.
Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research Ethics for Social Scientists. London: Sage Publications.
Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing Cooperative Learning. In J. Richards, & W. A. Renandya, Methodology in Language Teaching (pp. 52-58). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2009). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 Tentang Bendera, Bahasa, dan lambang negara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan [National Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 24 Year 2009 on National Flag, Languages, National Symbols, and National Anthem]. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2012). English in ASEAN: implications for regional multilingualism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 33(4), 331-344.
Kitano, K. (2001). Anxiety in the college Japanese language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 85, 549-566.
Kleinmann, H. H. (1977). Avoidance behaviour in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning, 27(1), 93-107.
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practices in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergaon.
Krashen, S. (1985). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. Harlow: Longman.
Levitt, E. E. (1980). The Psychology of Anxiety. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Liu, M. (2006). Anxiety in Chinese EFL students at different proficiency level. System, 34, 301-316.
MacIntyre, P. D. (1995). How does anxiety affect second language learning? A reply to Sparks and Ganschow. The Modern Language Journal, 79(1), 90-99.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: toward a theoritical clarification. Language Learning, 32, 251-275.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Investigating language class anxiety using the focused essay technique. Modern Language Journal, 75, 296-304.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44, 283-305.
Marwan, A. (2008). The exploration of factors triggering foreign language anxiety: learners' voice. TEFLIN Journal, 19(2), 119-126.
Oliver, P. (2003). The Student's Guide to Research Ethics. New York: Open University Press.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Bailey, P., & Daley, C. E. (1999). Relationships between anxiety and achievement at three stages of learning a foreign language. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 1085-1093.
Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. New York: Routledge.
Oxford, R. L. (1999). Anxiety and the language learner: new insights. In J. Arnold, Affect in Language Learning (pp. 58-67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Phillips, E. (1992). The effects of language anxiety on students' oral test performance and attitudes. Modern Langauge Journal, 76, 14-26.
Price, M. L. (1991). The subjective experience of foreign language anxiety interviews with high-anxious stduents. In E. K. Horwitz, & D. J. Young, Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Saito, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Garza, T. J. (1999). Foreign language redaing anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 83, 202-218.
Scott, D., & Usher, R. (2011). Researching Education (Second Edition). London: Continuum.
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: a review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, 28(1), 129-142.
Shao, K., Yu, W., & Ji, Z. (2013). An exploration of Chinese EFL students' emotional intelligence and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 97, 917-928.
Sousa, D. A. (2006). How the Brain Learns. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Sparks, R. L., & Ganschow, L. (1993). The impact of native language learning problems on foreign language learning: case study illustrations of the linguistic coding deficit hypothesis. The Modern Language Journal, 77, 58-74.
Sparks, R., & Ganschow, L. (2007). Is the foreign language classroom anxiety scale measuring anxiety of langauge skills? Foreign Language Annals, 40; 260-287.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Steinberg, F. S., & Horwitz, E. K. (1986). The effect of induced anxiety on the denotative and interpretive content of second language speech. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 131-136.
Suleimenova, Z. (2013). Speaking anxiety in a foreign language classroom in Kazakhstan. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1860-1868.
Tobias, S. (1986). Anxiety and cognitive processing of instruction. In R. Schwarzer, Self-related Cognition in Anxiety and Motivation (pp. 35-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Trang, T. T. (2012). A review of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's theory of foreign language anxiety and the challenges to teh theory. English Language Teaching, 5(1), 69-75.
Trang, T. T., & Moni, K. (2015). Management of foreign language anxiety: insiders' awareness and experiences. Cogent Education, 2, 1-20.
Trang, T. T., Baldauf, R. B., & Moni, K. (2013a). Foreign language anxiety: understanding its status and insiders' awareness and attitudes. TESOL Quarterly, 47(2), 216-243.
Trang, T. T., Baldauf, R. B., & Moni, K. (2013b). Investigating the development of foreign languange anxiety: an autobiographical approach. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 34(7), 709-726.
Wolfe, P. (2001). Brain Matters: Translating Research into Classroom Practice. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Young, D. J. (1992). Language anxiety from the foreign language specialist's perspective: interviews with Krashen, Omaggio Hadley, Terrell, and Rardin. Foreign Language Annals, 25, 157-172.
Young, D. J. (1994). New directions in language anxiety research. In C. A. Klee, Faces in a crowd: the individual learner in multi section courses (pp. 3-46). Boston: Heinle and Heinle.
Anandari, C. L. (2015). Indonesian EFL students' anxiety in speech production: possible causes and remedy. TEFLIN Journal, 26(1), 1-16.
Arnold, J., & Brown, H. D. (1999). A map of the terrain. In J. Arnold, Affect in Language Learning (pp. 1-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aydin, S. (2009). Test anxiety among foreign language learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 5(1), 127-137.
Bailey, P., Daley, C. E., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (1999). Foreign language anxiety and learning style. Foreign Language Annals, 32(1), 63-76.
Basit, T. N. (2010). Conducting Research in Educational Contexts. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Bigdeli, S. (2010). Affective learning: the anxiety construct in adult learners. Procedia Social and behavioral Sciences, 647-678.
Brown, H. D. (2000). Principals of Language Learning and Teaching (Fourth Edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (4th Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, C. M., & Ortiz, J. (1991). Helping students overcome foreign language anxiety: a foreign language anxiety workshop. In D. J. Young, Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications (pp. 141-150). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Chastain, K. (1975). Affective and ability factors in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 25(1), 153-161.
Dulay, H., & Burt, M. (1977). Remarks on creativity in language acquisition. In M. Burt, H. Dulay, & M. Finnochiaro, Viewpoints on English as Second Language (pp. 95-126). New York: Regents.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social Psychology and second Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivations. London: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, 157-194.
Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second Language Acquisition: an Introductory Course (Third Edition). New York: Routledge.
Gray, D. E. (2014). Doing Research in the Real World (Third Edition). London: Sage Publications, Ltd.
Gusman, J. (2004). Differentiated Instruction and the English Language Learner. Port Chester, NY: National Professional Resources.
Hewitt, E., & Stephenson, J. (2012). Foreign language anxiety and oral exam performance: a replication of Phillips's MLJ study. The Modern Language Journal, 96, 170-189.
Horwitz, E. K. (1990). Attending to the affective domain in the foreign language classroom. In S. S. Magnam, Shifting the instructional focus to the learner (pp. 15-33). Middlebury, VT: Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Horwitz, E. K. (1996). Even teachers get the blues: recognizing and alleviating language teachers' feelings of foreign language anxiety. Foreign Language Annals, 29(3), 365-372.
Horwitz, E. K. (2000). Horwitz comments: it ain't over 'til it's over: on foreign language anxiety, first language deficits, and the confounding variables. The Modern Language Journal, 84(2), 256-259.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132.
Huang, Q. (2012). Study on Correlation of Foreign Language Anxiety and English Reading Anxiety. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2(7), 1520-1525.
Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research Ethics for Social Scientists. London: Sage Publications.
Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing Cooperative Learning. In J. Richards, & W. A. Renandya, Methodology in Language Teaching (pp. 52-58). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2009). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 Tentang Bendera, Bahasa, dan lambang negara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan [National Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 24 Year 2009 on National Flag, Languages, National Symbols, and National Anthem]. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2012). English in ASEAN: implications for regional multilingualism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 33(4), 331-344.
Kitano, K. (2001). Anxiety in the college Japanese language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 85, 549-566.
Kleinmann, H. H. (1977). Avoidance behaviour in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning, 27(1), 93-107.
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practices in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergaon.
Krashen, S. (1985). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. Harlow: Longman.
Levitt, E. E. (1980). The Psychology of Anxiety. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Liu, M. (2006). Anxiety in Chinese EFL students at different proficiency level. System, 34, 301-316.
MacIntyre, P. D. (1995). How does anxiety affect second language learning? A reply to Sparks and Ganschow. The Modern Language Journal, 79(1), 90-99.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: toward a theoritical clarification. Language Learning, 32, 251-275.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Investigating language class anxiety using the focused essay technique. Modern Language Journal, 75, 296-304.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44, 283-305.
Marwan, A. (2008). The exploration of factors triggering foreign language anxiety: learners' voice. TEFLIN Journal, 19(2), 119-126.
Oliver, P. (2003). The Student's Guide to Research Ethics. New York: Open University Press.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Bailey, P., & Daley, C. E. (1999). Relationships between anxiety and achievement at three stages of learning a foreign language. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 1085-1093.
Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. New York: Routledge.
Oxford, R. L. (1999). Anxiety and the language learner: new insights. In J. Arnold, Affect in Language Learning (pp. 58-67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Phillips, E. (1992). The effects of language anxiety on students' oral test performance and attitudes. Modern Langauge Journal, 76, 14-26.
Price, M. L. (1991). The subjective experience of foreign language anxiety interviews with high-anxious stduents. In E. K. Horwitz, & D. J. Young, Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Saito, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Garza, T. J. (1999). Foreign language redaing anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 83, 202-218.
Scott, D., & Usher, R. (2011). Researching Education (Second Edition). London: Continuum.
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: a review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, 28(1), 129-142.
Shao, K., Yu, W., & Ji, Z. (2013). An exploration of Chinese EFL students' emotional intelligence and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 97, 917-928.
Sousa, D. A. (2006). How the Brain Learns. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Sparks, R. L., & Ganschow, L. (1993). The impact of native language learning problems on foreign language learning: case study illustrations of the linguistic coding deficit hypothesis. The Modern Language Journal, 77, 58-74.
Sparks, R., & Ganschow, L. (2007). Is the foreign language classroom anxiety scale measuring anxiety of langauge skills? Foreign Language Annals, 40; 260-287.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Steinberg, F. S., & Horwitz, E. K. (1986). The effect of induced anxiety on the denotative and interpretive content of second language speech. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 131-136.
Suleimenova, Z. (2013). Speaking anxiety in a foreign language classroom in Kazakhstan. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1860-1868.
Tobias, S. (1986). Anxiety and cognitive processing of instruction. In R. Schwarzer, Self-related Cognition in Anxiety and Motivation (pp. 35-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Trang, T. T. (2012). A review of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's theory of foreign language anxiety and the challenges to teh theory. English Language Teaching, 5(1), 69-75.
Trang, T. T., & Moni, K. (2015). Management of foreign language anxiety: insiders' awareness and experiences. Cogent Education, 2, 1-20.
Trang, T. T., Baldauf, R. B., & Moni, K. (2013a). Foreign language anxiety: understanding its status and insiders' awareness and attitudes. TESOL Quarterly, 47(2), 216-243.
Trang, T. T., Baldauf, R. B., & Moni, K. (2013b). Investigating the development of foreign languange anxiety: an autobiographical approach. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 34(7), 709-726.
Wolfe, P. (2001). Brain Matters: Translating Research into Classroom Practice. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Young, D. J. (1992). Language anxiety from the foreign language specialist's perspective: interviews with Krashen, Omaggio Hadley, Terrell, and Rardin. Foreign Language Annals, 25, 157-172.
Young, D. J. (1994). New directions in language anxiety research. In C. A. Klee, Faces in a crowd: the individual learner in multi section courses (pp. 3-46). Boston: Heinle and Heinle.
Published
2018-06-27
How to Cite
Subekti, A. (2018). Investigating the Relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety and Oral Performance of Non-English Major University Students in Indonesia. Dinamika Ilmu, 18(1), 15-36. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v18i1.880
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Articles
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